Chapter 18 Flashcards
A) What is naturally acquired immunity? [Figure 18.2]
Immunity that occurs through natural events.Immunity in which your body aquires it’s own imunity, or through breast milk of mother
B) What is artificially acquired immunity? [Figure 18.2]
I.e. vaccinations
C) What is active immunity? How does it develop?’
Active is developed by being exposed to a illness and you body makes memory cells.
D) How does passive immunity occur? Does it have memory?
When you receive antibodies, your body doesn’t have to make some antigens. during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
1) What is a antiserum?
serum ( fluid portion of blood) that contains protective anitbodies
2) What do antitoxins protect against?
They neutralize toxins
E) What is hyperimmune globulin used for? How is it prepared?
prepared from sera of donors with high amounts of antibodies for certain disease agents. these are given during incubation period it can prevent infection. There is one for tetanus, rabis, and hep b.
F) What is immune globulin used for? How is it prepared?
IgG from many plasma donors. This has many different kinds of antibodies. These are used for the immunosupressed or those not vaccinated
A) What is a vaccine? How do they work?
Can either be live, or dead virus/ bacteria. It is introduced to body so the body can get memory t cells without getting infection. Prepararation of a pathogen/ produces used to induce active immunity
C) What are the differences between attenuated and inactivated vaccines?
C. Attenuated are “live strains”. that are in weakened form and generally do not cause disease. They can be given orally, nasal, or as shot. They are used to mimic the disease in how it enters body and as it multiplies making body make immune response. Single dose is enough for long lasting immunity… because they can multiply and are in body longer. And can spread to other immunizing them
, the inactivated are “dead strains”
unable to replicate. cannot cause infection. Requires multiple doses for long lasting immunity. have 3 types innactivated whole agent, toxoids, and subunit vaccines, recombinant, VLP. polysacharide, and conjugate vaccines.
1) How are inactivated whole agent vaccines made, what do they treat?
ie influenza rabis, and polio.
Made by chemically treating, mainly with formalin that doesn’t alter eptitopes, but cannot reproduce
2) What are toxoids, what do they treat?
treat toxins to destroy the toxic part of molecules, while retaining the antigentic epitopes.
ie diptheria, tetanus
3) How are subunit vaccines made and what are the advantages of using them.
contain key protien antigens. they can take out ones that elicit unwanted side effects
4) What are recombinant vaccines? Give an example.
genetically engineered microorganisms. ie take yeast and engineer so produce part of a viral protien coat.ie. hept b
5) What are VLP vaccines? Give an example.
empty capsids which produce segments of capsid viral protien coats that self assemble. Ie HPV vaccine
6) What are polysaccharide vaccines? Why are they ineffective in children?
because they are t independant antigens that illicit a poor response in kids. ie pneumococcus vaccines
7) What are conjugate vaccines? Give an example.
used for? How do they work? [Figure 18.3]
ie. menningitis ( Haemeophilus influenzae).
polysacharides linked to protiens. this converts poysacharides to t dependent antigens..
8) What are adjuvants? Why are they necessary? Why are some unsuitable for humans?
substances that enhance immune response to an antigen. these are important cause many lack vaccines like toqoids do not elicit danger signals. believed to provide danger signals to dendrtitic cells that way they can activate Th and B cells. SOme cause too powerful of a inflamatory response safe for humans
D) What is poliomyelitis?
paralytic disease
1) What was the Salk vaccine? What was the drawback?
Salk vaccine: inactivated viruses of the three strains. requires a series of injections.
2) What were the advantages and disadvantages of the Sabin vaccine?
Sabin is administered orally, atttenuated. It can mutate and become virulent. has tobe given in 3 doses
3) How was polio eradicated from the United States?
via vaccines
E) Which childhood diseases are easily prevented through vaccination? [Table 18.3]
measles, mumps, small pox, diptheria, pertusis(whooping cough), paralytic poliomyetis, rubella, Haemophilus influenzae
F) What types of vaccines are currently being researched and studied?
peptide, heat stable vaccines
edible, genes encoded key antigens from infectious agents to plants
and DNA based, segments of naked dna
G) What diseases are new or improved vaccines being sought for? [Table 18.4]
HIV, Malaria, Influenza, strep, genital herpes, hept C, canccer
H) What are immunoassays
using the specificity of antibldy- antigen reactions and using them for diagnosis. ie. syphilis- antigen binds to the causitive bacteria, Treponema pallidum. so you take juices from lesion and then put the bacteria in… if it clumps it is a positive.
A) What does it mean to be seronegative and seropositive?
neg: lacks antibodies against microbe in serum
pos: has antibodies against microbe in serum
1) What is seroconversion?
change from sero neg to pos
B) What is serum?
fluid portion of blood that remains after blood clots
C) What is plasma?
fluid portion of blood that has anticooagulant added to it
D) What does the study of serology cover?
the interaction between antibodies and antigens
E) How do you create polyclonal antibodies? What are some problems with there use?
The are from the serum of animals that have been vacinated. Some may bind to closely related organisms and give a false positive.
1) What are anti-human IgG antibodies?
bind to a certain region on human IgG molecules
F) What are monoclonal antibodies? How are they obtained? How can they be “humanized’?[Per. 18.1]
they bind to a single epitope and are manufactured.
They are created by taking b cells from an animal (short lived) and then fuseing them with other cells that will divide in the culture. They are humanised by using recombinant techniques to make the antibody more like a humans so it is less likely for the body to get rid of it.
G) How do you determine the concentration of antibodies in a specimen?
You do a serological test. In this you make sequential certian dilutions of the antibodies and then you take that and put antigen into it
1) What is the titer?
is the last concentration that provided evidence of a antibody antigen reaction.
H) How are serology test done? [Figure 18.4]
can be done in tubes, but requires a lot
or with a microtiter
A) What happens when antibodies bind to soluble antigens? [Figure 18.5]
they cross link to form insoluable lattice like complexes.
B) What are precipitation reactions?
reactions in which the antibodies and antigens form a precipitate.
1) What is the Ouchterlony technique and what is it used for? [Figure 18.6]
for determining precipitate reactions. This is when wells are cut in a petri dish and then filled with an antibody another an antigen so they can difuse. if not you can get the wrong antibody antigen reaction which results in a false negative.
C) What is the difference between agglutination and precipitation reactions? [Agglutination and Precipitation video]
Agglutination:large insoluable particles that cross link and form latice like strucures
1) How is a direct agglutination test done? [Figure 18.7]
antibody suspension is mixed with the insoluable antigen like rbs, or bacteria. If they bind together they clump together= positive results
2) How is a passive agglutination test done? [Figure 18.8]
when antigens or antibodies are bound to a latex bead to make the agglutination results more visible.
A) What can labeled antibodies be used to test for? [Figure 18.9]
can be used in direct or inderect tests to find specific antigens and antibodies
1) How are direct tests done?
when antigen is unknown: the antigen is secured to solid surface then add labeled antibodies for specific antigen and see if they bind to eachother by rinsing the loose antibodies off
2) How are indirect tests done?
antigen known: it is secured to surface. Then the patients antibodies are added. They bind and then rinse off the excess. Then add secondary antibodies ( anti human Ig G molecules that bind to the human antibodies)
B) What is the fluorescent antibody test used for and how is it done? [Figure 18.10]
different antibodies are given a specific colored dye. These are added to a plate fixed with antigens.
C) What is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used for? [Figure 18.11 and ELISA video]
use a antibody with a enzyme attatched and then you add a substrate which will bind to the enzyme making the antibody antigen visible due to a color change.
1) What are the differences between the direct and indirect ELISA? [Figure 18.12]
D) How do you use the Western blotting technique? [Figure 18.3]
Direct: Antibodies attached to a surface and then unknown antigens added
Indirect: have antigens attached to look for the antibodies
Western blotting technique: helps in determining wich protiens on antigens are reacting with antibodies. electrophoriesis is used to seperate the different sized protiens that make a specific antigen. These are fixed to a plate and patients antibodies are added to see if they will react. then a anti human IgG antibody that is florescently tagged is added
E) How does flow cytometry count cells?
measures light scattered when a laser is passed over it.
1) What can the fluorescence-activated cell sorter do?
is used to count different labeled florescent antibodies
