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Micro Biology > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

the esophagus? Why does it lack many microbes?

A

Because saliva and mucus bathe the lining ( they contain IgA), and peristolsis

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2
Q

C) What does the lower digestive system include?

A

intestines, pancreas, liver

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3
Q

1) What does the small intestine do?- Why are there few microbes there?

A

where stomach contents are nutralized by the alkaline fliuds, and bile produced by pancrease and liver

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4
Q

-What is bile?

A

an emulsifying agent that breaks up fats. bile salts help intestine absorb oils, fats

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5
Q
  • What are villi and microvilli?
A

bundle of actin make the finger like projections

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6
Q

2) What does the large intestine A) What does the digestive system encompass? [Figure 24.1]

A

large intestine absorbs water and vitamins. microbe flourish here.

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7
Q

1) What are the different parts of the tooth? [Figure 24.2]

A

crown and root.
enamel hard outer portion of the tooth
- pellicle- the saliva binds to to enamel forming this film

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8
Q

What is dental plaque?

			- What are dental caries?
			- What is gingivitis?
A

Plaque:bio film- bacteria attatch to the pellicle
Dental Carries: enamel deteriorates and micros enter and cause tooth decay
Gingivitis: infection in the gingival crevise (space between gums and tooth)

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9
Q

2) What is the function of saliva?

A

rich in igaand contains antimicrobials such as lysozyme and lactoferin.

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10
Q

3) What is the most common bacteria found in the mouth?4) What is do?-What are the bacteria commonly found there? How are they beneficial?

A

Streptococcal species

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11
Q

-What is antibiotic-associated diarrhea and why does it occur?

A

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12
Q

3) What does the pancreas do?

?

A

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13
Q

4) What does the liver do?

- What does jaundice mean

A

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14
Q

A) Where do most upper digestive system bacterial diseases happen? [Figure 24.3 and Table 24.1]

A

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15
Q

B) What are the symptoms of tooth decay? What causes it? What mechanisms do they use to infect? [Figure 24.4]

A

“dental caries” discolorization roughness, sever pain
cause: streptococcus mutants
mechanism: they fermentsucrose into gucans which are essential for dental caries. producing lactic acid. glucan adds to the plaque creating thicker biofilm and preventing saliva.
when sugar enters mouth the ph drops to five. this increased acidity causes breakdow of the calcuim phosphate.

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16
Q

1) What does cariogenic mean?

A

possiblity of causing dental caries

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17
Q

2) How is tooth decay treated and prevented?

A

restricting diet.
drilling and filling the hole
floride

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18
Q

C) What are the symptoms of periodontal disease? What causes it? What mechanisms do they use to infect?

A

gingivitis is one: tender bleeding gums
bad breath, red gums, base of teeth discolored
Cause: dental plaque by the gums. most are gram neg anaerobes t. dednticola, t. forsythia
causing inflamtion
-tissue degrading enzymes

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19
Q

1) What does periodontal disease include?

A

gingivitis

chronic peridontitis: progressivly damages structure that support the teeth

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20
Q

2) What age group is most affected?

A

smokers and peopleover 65

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21
Q

3) How can it be treated?

A

cleaning out gingival crevice, minor surgery in some cases

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22
Q

D) What are the symptoms of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis? What causes it? What mechanism is used to infect? [Figure 24.5]

A

abscesses, broken teeth bleeding gums
cause: Treponema which acts synergistically wit other species

spirochetes invade causing necrosis and ulcerating of gum between teeth

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23
Q

1) What is “meth mouth”?

A

lowers saliva production and increases risk of biofilm formation

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24
Q

How does one acquire ANUG? How is it treated?

A

poor dental care: treated with removing plaque and rinse with hydrogen peroxide

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25
Q

E) What are the symptoms of Helicobacter pylori gastritis? What mechanism is used to infect? [Figure 24.6 and Table 24.2]

A

inflamation of stomach, belching to vomiting,ppeptic ulcers, localized abdominal pain

virulence: produce urease making a more alkaline environment, and burrow into the mucous layer that coats the stomach linning.
-motile to move away from acidic lumen to underlying epithelium.
Cag A- changes shapes of cells
Vac A- acts on mucosal cells to poor in urease

26
Q

1) Who is at risk of developing it? How is it transmitted?

2) How is it treated?

A

all adults esp over 75. and if it runs in your family.
treansmission= fecal oral route
treted with 2 antibioticsa and a drug that inhibits stomach acid production

27
Q

A) What are the symptoms of herpes simplex? What causes it? What mechanism is used in infection? [Figure 24.7 and Table 24.3]

A

cold sores
hepres simplex hsv1 or2, but oral is typically 1
Virulence: cause cells to fuse together froming and intranuculear inclusion body at sit of replication. dna persists int he nerve cells and reactivate.

28
Q

1) How do you get herpes simplex? How common is it? How is it treated?

A

90% of usacyclovir and penciclovir treat sever cases and can prevent onset of it

29
Q

B) What are the symptoms of mumps? What causes it? What mechanism is used to infect? [Figure 24.8 and Table 24.4]

A

fever, oss of appetite,swelling of partiod glands, m spasms making it difficult to chew or talk
Single stranded rna same fam as rubeola paramyxovirus

reproduces in upper resp tract. and enters blood. symptoms don’t occur till it gets to gand, or sex organs, or eningese, or pancreas
in gland it will muliply and damage cells and put virus into the saliva, and cause bad inflamatory response.

30
Q

1) How is mumps transmitted?

2) How is it prevented? [Figure 24.9]

A

from people with asymptomatic infection and mingle with other people. prople

31
Q

A) What symptoms can accompany intestinal disease?

A

gastoenteritis, diarhrea, mausea vommiting etc

32
Q

1) What does gastroenteritis mean?

A

stomach and intestine inflamation

33
Q

B) What causes intestinal disease? What mechanisms are involved?[Figure 24.10]

A

enterobacteriae

  • toxin prodution
  • -enterotoxins, cause water to flow from intestinal cells
  • -cytotoxins: cause cell death
  • alterations in epithelial cells
  • cell invasion cause epithelial cells to engulf them
34
Q

1) How is it transmitted? How is it treated?

A

fecal oral treated with oral rehydration therapy

35
Q
  • What is oral rehydration therapy?

- What is PulseNet?

A

ort- gluclose increases h2o absorption and give electolytes lost.

Pulse Net: a dna subtyping resource to help track specific antigens

36
Q

C) What is cholera? [Per. 24.1 and Table 24.5]

		1) What are the symptoms and what causes it?
		2) What mechanisms are used to infect? [Figure 24.11]
A

“rice water stool” vommitting, up to 20 liters a day of diahreal fluids, sever dehydration
Cause vibrio cholerae

dhere to sm intestine
-cholera txin: an entero toxin is released , a and b toxin that goes in and modifies the g protien “ on off switch which redults in continuous ativity of adenylate cyclase iwhich converts atp to camp and this causes the cell to secrete chloride.

37
Q

3) How is cholera transmitted? How is it treated and controlled?

A

fecal oral typically water. rehydration therapy

treat water, food safe practices

38
Q

D) What are the symptoms of shigellosis? What causes it? What mechanisms are used to infect? [Figure 24.12 and Table 24.6]
1) How does one get shigellosis? How is it treated and prevented?

A

dysentery, or diahrea
4 shigell species
dysenteriae
flexneri, bodyii, soneii

mechanisms: invade epith cells causin inflamatory response. takes advantage of sampling function of macrophages and multiply in them, and are released when the macrophage dies.

cause epithelial cells to take them in and multiply in them.
causes cell to make actin tail to propel the bacterium
-shiga toxin- cytotoxin

fecal oral, low infective dose because not damaged by stomach. ampicillin and co-trimoxzole

39
Q

E) What are the symptoms of Escherichia coli gastroenteritis?[Table 24.8]

A

hus hemolytic uremic syndrome anemia due to lysis of rbcs.

40
Q

1) What are the six pathovars and their virulence factors? [Table 24.7]

A
  • Shiga toxin producing: EHEC/ STEC
  • Enterotoxigenic ETEC: make pilli to move and attatch, release enterotoxins
  • Enteroinvasive ecoli: EIEC: invade the epithellium (similair to shigellois)
  • Enteropathogenic e coli EPEC: pilli and inject effector protiens that cause A/E lesions
  • Enteroaggregative EAEC: pilli gow in aggregations fooring biofilm.
  • Diffusely adherin Ecoli: grow in a diffuse layer
41
Q

2) How is it transmitted? How is it treated and prevented?

A

food borne,

treated with rehydration

42
Q

F) What are the symptoms of Salmonella gastroenteritis? What causes it? What mechanisms does it use to infect? [Table 24.9]

A

typically short lives
Samonella enterica

Stays localized
They go to the end of the sm intestine and attatch to cell receptors. They inect it with proteins causing it to bring it in via endocytosis. they multiply in the phagosome and are discharged from the base of the cell.
macrophages and nuetrophils eat up the virulents being released, many macrophages will die

43
Q

1) How is it transmitted? How can it be treated and controlled?

A

from animal source and so can pe in untreated manure, reptiles can shed it
antibiotics are not suggested because they have r plasmids making them resistant to many drugs. usuallly recover without treatment.

adequate cooking of foods

44
Q

G) What are the symptoms of typhoid and paratyphoid fever? What causes it? What mechanisms are involved infection? [Table 24.10]

		1) How does it spread?
		2) How do you treat and prevent it?
A

increasing fever, constipation, and pain
Samonellla Typhi and Paratyphi

cross over mucous membrane of intestines via M cells and multiply in them until breaking free and entering blood
if systemic can cause abscesses, septic shock, and peyers patches can be destroyed leading to hemmorage and death
can grow in the gall bladder ( can survive bile) and don’t expirience symptoms typhiod mary
spread: person to person contaminated food or water

treat: typhi is resistant to suceptability tests must be done, but para ne antibiotics
sometimes removal of the gall bladder
attenuated vaccine for Typhi, but not Para typhi

45
Q

H) What are the symptoms of campylobacteriosis? What causes it? How does it infect? [Figure 24.13 and Table 24.11]

A

dysentery occurs in half the cases
cause: campylobacter jejuni
infect: the intestines and multiplies under their epithelial cells causing localized inflamation
cab cause Guillian Barre syndrome

46
Q

1) What is Guillain-Barre syndrome?

A

begins within 10 days of onset tingling then paralysis of the leggs arms and rest of body-connected with campylobacteriosis

47
Q

2) How is campylobacteriosis transmitted? How is it treated and prevented?

A

leading cause of diahreal illness in the us
food especially in poultry and milk, in pets and bird poop
treated: in severecases erythromycin and azithromycin

48
Q

I) What are the symptoms of CDAD? What causes it? What mechanisms are used to infect? [Table 24.12]

A

clostridium difficile associated disease: ranges in severity, diahrea, some times collitis, or psudomembranes develop
Cause: clostridium difficile resistant to common disinfectants
A and B toxins disrupt host cell actin resulting in host cell death and development of pseudomembranes

49
Q

]2) How is it transmitted? How is it treated/prevented?

A

hospital patients on antibiotics

if needed can be treated with vancomycin

50
Q

A) What are the symptoms of rotaviral gastroenteritis? What causes it? What mechanisms does it use to infect? [Figure 24.15]

A

begins abruptly with vommitting and diahrea, lasts for about 1 week, but fatal dehydration can occur

cause: rotovirus (double stranded rna with double walled capsid

mechanisms: line upper part of lower intestines.causes epithelial death and therefore decrease production of digestive enzymes and less uptake of water
also has enterotoxin somewhat similair to cholera toxin

51
Q

1) How does one get it and how is it treated/prevented?

A

fecal oral route

treat with rehydration if necessary

52
Q

B) What are the symptoms of norovirus gastroenteritis? What causes it? What mechanisms does it use to infect? [Figure 24.16]
1) How does one get it and how is it treated/prevented?

A 
about the same as rotovirus but only lasts a few days, and vommiting can be continous
cause: norovirus (single stranded rna)
mechanisms: causes epithelium cell death
fecal oral route, aerosols 
treat: none
53
Q

A) What are the different types of hepatitis? [Figure 24.17]

1) How are they the same and how do they differ? (Symptoms, causes, treatment, etc) [Table 24.14]

A

A- fecal oral:inactivated vaccine:mild full recovery: 3-5 weeks
B- blood, semen:subunit vac: acute cronic, leading to cancer,cirrosis, can cross placenta:10-15
C-blood, semen?:no vac.:liver damage cirrosis, few to no symptoms:6-7
D- blood, semen:no vac: prior to HBV infection can worsen HBV, can cross placenta:2-12
E-fecal oral:no vac: related to virus in rats, like A, but worse in preg women:2-6

54
Q

2) How did a vaccine for hepatitis A change things? [Figure 24.18]

A

since 1995 they have dropped to historic lows.

55
Q

hepatitis B? What are the three notable components? How does it infect cells? [Figure 24.19 and 24.20]

A

surface anitgen: HBsAg: enveloped protien produced during viral replication, spike in this protien apears in weeks to days
core antigen: IgM antibodies against this indicate the viral infection
e antigen: high levels of this is correlated with increase risk of liver damage and increased chances of spreading the disease
B is unique because it uses the rna as a template for dna snthesis, aka reverse transcriptase so can be given reverse transcriptase inhibitors

56
Q

A) What causes giardiasis? What are the symptoms? How does it infect? [Figure 24.21, 24.22 and Table 24.15]

A

cause: protazoan giardea lamblia
resistant to stomach acid.
cyst goes in and produces 2 trophozites which attatch to epithelium of sm intestine
they interfere with the ability to absorb nutreints, and secrete digestive enzymes
lasts about 1-4 weeks

57
Q

1) How is it transmitted? How is it treated and how can you prevent getting it?

A

fecal oral route 10 cysts required

tinidazole, and metronidazole

58
Q

B) What causes cryptosporidiosis? What are the symptoms? How does it infect? [Figure 24.23 and Table 24.16]

A

cryptosporidium parvum
takes place only in epithelium of sm intestine
ingestion of oocysts

59
Q

1) How do you get it and how is it treated?

A

person to person

nitraxonadine

60
Q

C) What causes cyclosporiasis? What are the symptoms? How does it infect? [Table 24.17]

A

cyclospora cayentianesis
not person to person but in food
treatment : trimexazole

61
Q

D) What causes amebiasis? What are the symptoms? How does it infect? [Figure 24.24 and Table 24.18]

A

entamoeba histolytica
forms cysts that have chitin containing walls
release trophozite in the intestine and the on intestinal bacteria
-cytotoxic enzymes kill epithelium. can result in an abcesses

62
Q

1) How do you get it? How is it treated and prevented?

A

dazole and paromomycin

Micro Biology (25 decks)

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