Chapter 10 Flashcards
A) What is Taxonomy? What are the three areas of taxonomy and what do they entail?
classification of organisms.
Nomenclature: system that names organisms
Classification: organizing organisms into similair groups
Iidentification: process of identifying an isolate
B) What does the term phylogeny mean?
understanding evolutionary relatedness
C) What is a strain?
group of similiar isolates
D) What are the eight taxonomic categories? [Table 10.1]
Domain Kingdom phylum class order(- ales) family( -aceae) Genus species
E) What are the three domains? Who created them and how? [Figure 10.1, Table 10.2]
Archea
Eucarya
Bateria
Carl Woese. He did this by taking the rrna sequences of many organisms and classified them based upon that.
F) What was the accepted scheme before the domains were created?
The five kigdom classification plantae fungi anamalia protista prokaryota
G) What is Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology? [Table 10.3]
This is the “bible” this is the guide of classification of different organisms
H) How are bacteria given names?
Some were given names in the past due to the founder, but now we use names that explain characteristics of the bacteria and use a latin suffix
A) How can you identify microorganisms without sophisticated equipment? [Table 10.4]
phenotypic characteristics
Microscope morphology
stains
biochemical tests
B) What are the benefits of doing a wet mount? [Figure 10.2]
You do not denature the bacteria when heat fixing. Especially when trying to get the right size and shape
C) What is a Gram stain? How is it used? [Figure 10.3 a]
This is a staining technique that help differntiate between gram neg. and gram pos. cells
D) What organisms do you test for with an acid fast stain? [Figure 3.15]
This helps identify mycobaterium especially tb
E) What are some examples of clues given by colony morphology?
? ????????
F) How would a clinical lab use Blood agar and MacConkey agar? [Figure 4.10, Figure 4.11]
Blood agar helps determine via the type of hemolysis wether it is strptococus pyogenesm (strep) produces bata hemolysis or clear zone.
and
streptococcus that is naturally in all throats. Produces alpha hemolysis which produces green
Then MacConkey:
this shows wether there is lactose fermenters ( selective for gram neg rods
G) What biochemical test can be used for a more certain identification? What do they find? [Table 10.5, Figure 10.4]
catalase test: detects to see if there is catalase by adding h2o2
Urease: which you add urea to see if if is broken down forming co2 and ammonia making it more alkaline
go over 10.5 on pg 243!!!!!!!!
H) Streptococcus pyogenes has what catalase and hemolysis result?
beta hemolysis and catalase neg
I) How are pH indicators used in biochemical tests? [Figure 10.6]
they help you know what products are being made, and therefore different enzyme of that cell
J) What is a dichotomous key? [Figure 10.5]
A flow chart of tests that either give neg or positive results.
K) Can some bacteria have biochemical test without a culture? Give an example.
When testing for h pylori which produces urease. SO you have patient drink urea with a radioactive isotope. if h pylori positive the urea will break down and co2 will be produced and is measure via breathing into a baloon!
L) What is the API system? [Figure 10.6]
this is much faster than doing individual medias. This you can take your organism in liquid through a special tube with sections containing different differential media which was previously dried, but then rehydrated.
M) What is an Enterotube II? [Figure 10.6]
similiar to api system, but has a metal rod which touches the colony and then you pull the rod through to innoculate the media
N) What is the VITEK 2 system?
is a card with wells of differential media that is later read by a computer
O) How can you use the proteins and polysaccharides to identify some prokaryotes?
some have special protiens or polysacharides in there external structure. you can detect these using antibodies.
P) What is FAME? How is it done?
some differ in fallty acid composition. So they take bacteria and put them in chemicals that tuen them into viatal methyl ester form these are annalyzed using gas chromotography.
A) What is a Nucleic Acid Probe? How are they used? [Figure 10.7]
they are used to find a specific nucleotide sequence. So take a single strand piece of dna labeled with a detectable tag. most of these rely on more dna so they will be introduced to colonies, or cause a cell to do preliminary amplification.
B) What is FISH? How is 16S ribosomal RNA involved?
this instead of having is bind to dna has it bind to rrna which is large in number in the cell
C) What is a signature sequence?
sequence in rrna that characterizes a certain species
D) What are NAATs? How are they used?
nucleic acid amplification tests: they are used to up production of specific segents of dna. This is used to help detect organisms in small numbers
E) Why is rRNA useful in microbial identification? [Figure 10.8]
their sequences are stable and do not work under much mutations. The also hare many in number
F) What makes the 16S rRNA so special?
it is moderate in size
G) How can you detect and identify a microbe that cannot yet be cultured such as Tropheryma whipplei?
using rdna you replicate it many times making it possible to detect
A) When can distinguishing different strains of a microbial species be especially useful? How is it done? [Table 10.6]
This can help them find the source… or where the illness came from because there are many different strains. bio chem typing
B) What is a biovar or biotype? Give an example.
The biochemical type i,e, cholera has a specific one that is a way you can trace it
C) How do you distinguish different types of E. coli? [Figure 10.9]
by the antigenic type of their flagella
D) What are RFLPs? How can you observe them? [Figure 10.10]
restricted length pollymorphism:
compair fragment sizes of dna to others (finger prints)
E) What is PulseNet? Who established it and for what reason? [Perspective 10.1]
cdc’s catalog of rflp’s of different strains
F) What is MLST?
newer way of gedtting dna ‘s 7 nucleotide sequences and comparing them
G) What are bacteriophages? How do you use them to type microorganisms? [Figure 10.11]
using different phages( carriers of forign dna)m if bateria are suseptible they will lyce.
H) What are antibiograms? How are they done? [Figure 10.12]
antibiotic tests on a bacteria
A) What is an evolutionary chronometer? What do they provide?
peices/ equences of dna that tell a estimated time or when it evovled from another organism
B) What is a phylogenetic tree? [Figure 10.13]
like family tree, but of what species evolved from what
C) What is horizontal gene transfer?
genes being tranfered from one prokaryote to another organism
D) What methods can you use to classify Prokaryotes? [Table 10.7]
pg 251!
E) Why and how has 16S rRNA revolutionized the classification of organisms.
because r rna is in all organisms and because it is used often it cannot contain a lot of mutations!
F) How can you use DNA hybridization to check relatedness?
take dna of one and see if it will hybridize or anneal to anothers. if 70% does then they are considered the same species.
G) How do you use G + C content to see how closely related to organisms are? [Figure 10.15]
if gc content is a sm %tage off they cannot be related
H) What is numerical taxonomy?
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