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alevel biology ocr > chapter2- basic component of living systems > Flashcards

chapter2- basic component of living systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how are mitochondria similar to prokaryotic cells and how does this provide evidence for endosymbiosis?

A

they have a double membrane, they have DNA genome inside them, are a similar size to prokaryotes, have 70s ribosomes

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2
Q

what is endosymbiosis

A

when one bacterium engulfs another

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3
Q

what does “pro” mean

A

without

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4
Q

chloroplasts where once..

A

prokaryotes

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5
Q

what does “eu” mean

A

true

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6
Q

what is the difference between ribosomes in pro/eukayryotes?

A

pro- 70S (10-20nm diameter)
eu- 80S (22nm diameter)

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7
Q

how is the genetic material organised in a prokaryote

A

genetic material is naked dna as it is not associated with protein, lipids, or any molecule to help protect it. there is no true nucleus and the DNA consists of chromosomal and the plasmid loop

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8
Q

what are pili and what cells are they on?

A

prokaryotes and they are hair-like extensions that enable adherence to surfaces or mediate bacterial conjugation

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9
Q

is a ribosome a membrane bound organelle

A

no

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10
Q

are the rer and ser membrane bound organelles

A

yes

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11
Q

what is the slime capsule?

A

polysaccharide layer used for protection against dessication (drying out) and phagocytosis

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12
Q

what is the cell wall made put of in a prokaryote and what is its function

A

peptidoglycan, it is rigid and maintains shape and prevents lysis

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13
Q

what do flagella do?

A

projection containing motor protein to enable movement

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14
Q

where were the earliest signs of life found?

A

hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean

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15
Q

hydrothermal vents also have raw materials for life……

A

hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide and minerals

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16
Q

hydrothermal vents are (ph)…….

A

alkaline and the sea water is mildly acidic which provides a source of protons

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17
Q

in eukaryotes how is the dna organised

A

wrapped around histones to form chromosomes

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18
Q

what is the key difference between pro and eu cells

A

eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles and their dna is contained in a membrane bound nucleus whereas prokaryotic cells dont have membrane organelles and have no true nucleus

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19
Q

do prokaryotes have a nuclear envelope

A

no

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20
Q

do eukaryotes have a nuclear envelope

A

yes

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21
Q

do eukaryotes have flagella

A

sometimes present

22
Q

do prokaryotes have golgi

A

no

23
Q

do eukarytoes have golgi

A

yes

24
Q

do eukaryotes have a cell wall

A

sometimes (PLANT CELLS)

25
Q

average diameter of pro and eu cell

A

pro- 0.5-5um
eu- 10-100um

26
Q

explain why eukaryotes were able to grow more quickly than cells that did not possess mitochondria (3)

A
  • they carried out aerobic respiration
  • to convert oxygen to ATP
  • which was used for processes like active transport, cell division and protein synthesis.
  • faster metabolic rate, processes and reactions
27
Q

what is a peroxisome

A

a type of lysosome which acts as a “dustbin” for peroxide

28
Q

what is chromatin

A

what we can see inside a nucleus when it is too dark to see the chromosomes

29
Q

what does the smooth er do

A

site of synthesis, storage and transportation/secretion

produces fats and steroid hormones like testosterone and oestrogen

30
Q

structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of membranes of membranes with no ribosomes on the outer surface

31
Q

what do lysosomes do

A

a membrane bound organelle that releases hydolytic enzymes responsible for returning amino acids to the system, dismantling and recycling substances

32
Q

what are vesicles and what do they do

A

packets of chemicals e.g enzymes to transport substances to lysosomes, plasma membrane or outside the cell

33
Q

role of rer

A

involved in some protein production (as studded with ribosomes), folding, quality control and dispatch of substances eg packages them into vesicles

34
Q

structure of rer

A

system of membranes continuous with nucleus, with ribosomes on the outer surface

35
Q

function of rer

A

Site of synthesis and transportation of proteins and glycoproteins.

36
Q

function of golgi: produces… (2)

A

secretory enzymes and carbohydrates

37
Q

function of golgi: stores and modifies…

A

proteins and triglycerides

38
Q

function of golgi: forms…. for transporting

A

vesicles for transporting proteins/triglycerides

39
Q

function of golgi: forms…

A

lysosomes

40
Q

role of golgi apparatis

A

receives proteins and lipids from er. modifies, sorts, concentrates, and transprts to vesicles. as well as makes vesicles.

41
Q

How does the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum help enable synthesis of proteins?

A

the rer has ribosomes and a large surface area

42
Q

what are centrioles

A

microtubules that form a cylinder. part of the cytoskeleton and in the centrosome

43
Q

what is cytosol and what does it do

A

the intercellular fluid, not including the contents of the cell and within the organelles, it cushions and acts as a chemical medium. it is made out of water salts and proteins.

44
Q

what is the role of the cytoskeleton

A

to support the cells
hold organelles in place
allows cells to change shape in endo and exocytosis
facilitates movement of organelles
makes up centrioles

45
Q

what are the components of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments

46
Q

what are microfilaments made of

A

they are made up of actin

47
Q

what are microtubules made up of

A

they are made up of globular tubular proteins that form tubes

48
Q

what do intermediate filaments do

A

they give the cell strength

49
Q

what are centrioles made of

A

microtubules

50
Q

what is the function of centrioles

A

to assemble and organise spindle fibres during cell division

51
Q

how do prokaryotes divide

A

binary fission

52
Q
A

alevel biology ocr (22 decks)

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