chapter2- basic component of living systems

Question 1

how are mitochondria similar to prokaryotic cells and how does this provide evidence for endosymbiosis?

Answer 1

they have a double membrane, they have DNA genome inside them, are a similar size to prokaryotes, have 70s ribosomes

Question 2

what is endosymbiosis

Answer 2

when one bacterium engulfs another

Question 3

what does “pro” mean

Answer 3

without

Question 4

chloroplasts where once..

Answer 4

prokaryotes

Question 5

what does “eu” mean

Answer 5

true

Question 6

what is the difference between ribosomes in pro/eukayryotes?

Answer 6

pro- 70S (10-20nm diameter)
eu- 80S (22nm diameter)

Question 7

how is the genetic material organised in a prokaryote

Answer 7

genetic material is naked dna as it is not associated with protein, lipids, or any molecule to help protect it. there is no true nucleus and the DNA consists of chromosomal and the plasmid loop

Question 8

what are pili and what cells are they on?

Answer 8

prokaryotes and they are hair-like extensions that enable adherence to surfaces or mediate bacterial conjugation

Question 9

is a ribosome a membrane bound organelle

Answer 9

no

Question 10

are the rer and ser membrane bound organelles

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

what is the slime capsule?

Answer 11

polysaccharide layer used for protection against dessication (drying out) and phagocytosis

Question 12

what is the cell wall made put of in a prokaryote and what is its function

Answer 12

peptidoglycan, it is rigid and maintains shape and prevents lysis

Question 13

what do flagella do?

Answer 13

projection containing motor protein to enable movement

Question 14

where were the earliest signs of life found?

Answer 14

hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean

Question 15

hydrothermal vents also have raw materials for life, they are… (3)

Answer 15

hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide and minerals

Question 16

hydrothermal vents are (ph)…….

Answer 16

alkaline and the sea water is mildly acidic which provides a source of protons

Question 17

in eukaryotes how is the dna organised

Answer 17

wrapped around histones to form chromosomes

Question 18

what is the key difference between pro and eu cells

Answer 18

eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles and their dna is contained in a membrane bound nucleus whereas prokaryotic cells dont have membrane organelles and have no true nucleus

Question 19

do prokaryotes have a nuclear envelope

Answer 19

no

Question 20

do eukaryotes have a nuclear envelope

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

do eukaryotes have flagella

Answer 21

sometimes present

Question 22

do prokaryotes have golgi

Answer 22

no

Question 23

do eukarytoes have golgi

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

do eukaryotes have a cell wall

Answer 24

sometimes (PLANT CELLS)

Question 25

average diameter of pro and eu cell

Answer 25

pro- 0.5-5um eu- 10-100um

Question 26

explain why eukaryotes were able to grow more quickly than cells that did not possess mitochondria (3)

Answer 26

- they carried out aerobic respiration - to convert oxygen to ATP - which was used for processes like active transport, cell division and protein synthesis. - faster metabolic rate, processes and reactions

Question 27

what is a peroxisome

Answer 27

a type of lysosome which acts as a "dustbin" for peroxide

Question 28

what is chromatin

Answer 28

what we can see inside a nucleus when it is too dark to see the chromosomes

Question 29

what does the smooth er do

Answer 29

site of synthesis, storage and transportation/secretion produces fats and steroid hormones like testosterone and oestrogen

Question 30

structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 30

system of membranes of membranes with no ribosomes on the outer surface

Question 31

what do lysosomes do

Answer 31

a membrane bound organelle that releases hydolytic enzymes responsible for returning amino acids to the system, dismantling and recycling substances

Question 32

what are vesicles and what do they do

Answer 32

packets of chemicals e.g enzymes to transport substances to lysosomes, plasma membrane or outside the cell

Question 33

role of rer

Answer 33

involved in some protein production (as studded with ribosomes), folding, quality control and dispatch of substances eg packages them into vesicles

Question 34

structure of rer

Answer 34

system of membranes continuous with nucleus, with ribosomes on the outer surface

Question 35

function of rer

Answer 35

Site of synthesis and transportation of proteins and glycoproteins.

Question 36

function of golgi: produces... (2)

Answer 36

secretory enzymes and carbohydrates

Question 37

function of golgi: stores and modifies...

Answer 37

proteins and triglycerides

Question 38

function of golgi: forms.... for transporting

Answer 38

vesicles for transporting proteins/triglycerides

Question 39

function of golgi: forms...

Answer 39

lysosomes

Question 40

role of golgi apparatis

Answer 40

receives proteins and lipids from er. modifies, sorts, concentrates, and transprts to vesicles. as well as makes vesicles.

Question 41

How does the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum help enable synthesis of proteins?

Answer 41

the rer has ribosomes and a large surface area

Question 42

what are centrioles

Answer 42

microtubules that form a cylinder. part of the cytoskeleton and in the centrosome

Question 43

what is cytosol and what does it do

Answer 43

the intercellular fluid, not including the contents of the cell and within the organelles, it cushions and acts as a chemical medium. it is made out of water salts and proteins.

Question 44

what is the role of the cytoskeleton

Answer 44

to support the cells hold organelles in place allows cells to change shape in endo and exocytosis facilitates movement of organelles makes up centrioles

Question 45

what are the components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 45

microfilaments microtubules intermediate filaments

Question 46

what are microfilaments made of

Answer 46

they are made up of actin

Question 47

what are microtubules made up of

Answer 47

they are made up of globular tubular proteins that form tubes

Question 48

what do intermediate filaments do

Answer 48

they give the cell strength

Question 49

what are centrioles made of

Answer 49

microtubules

Question 50

what is the function of centrioles

Answer 50

to assemble and organise spindle fibres during cell division

Question 51

how do prokaryotes divide

Answer 51

binary fission

Question 52

which describes an organelle which is NOT membrane bound contains cristae modifies and packages proteins. contains digestive enzymes is made of rRNA and protein.

Answer 52

is made of rRNA and proteins