chapter 22- cloning and biotechnology Flashcards

Question

disadvantage of plant cloning: no ..

Answer 1

variation so decrease frequency in gene pool no new natural selection or mutation so no new beneficial characteristics and because they all have the same genetic info they are susceptible to disease

Answer 2

lots of new plants in short time frame. conditions precisly controlled all plants get characteristics you want eg disease resistant

Answer 3

cutting needs less/mp needs more equipment (expensive) cutting needs less/mp needs more skills/staff (expensive) cutting produces less/mp produces more clone offspring ignore ref to time/quickness

Answer 4

crop will be monoculture/no genetic variation risk of being destroyed by environment/diseases expensive labour intensive difficult to maintain aseptic technique. risk of unexpected metabolic reactions causing stunted growth/death

Answer 5

binary fission budding eg hydra fragmentation eg starfish monozygotic twins (but clones of each other not of the parent)

Answer 6

the embryo splits, forming twins or more multiple

Answer 7

First, an egg cell is extracted from a female animal and fertilised in the lab. Then, as the embryo develops, it is split into single cells. Next, these cells develop into new embryos which are identical. Finally, each embryo is placed into different surrogate animals which then give birth to clones.

Answer 8

somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 9

First, scientists select an animal to be cloned and extract the nucleus from a somatic body cell.

Answer 10

Next, scientists select a different animal of that species and extract an unfertilised egg

Answer 11

They then remove the nucleus from this cell, in a process called enucleation.

Answer 12

Next, an electric shock combines the body cell nucleus with the empty cell, in a process called electrofusion.

Answer 13

Finally, the resulting embryo is implanted into the uterus of a surrogate animal.

Answer 14

It allows scientists to clone animals with desired characteristics. They can produce stem cells to grow tissues and organs. It allows scientists to clone genetically modified animals for medicine development

Answer 15

Many cloned embryos fail to develop. Clones often die early and have genetic abnormalities. There are ethical issues with harvesting stem cells from cloned embryos.

Answer 16

because there is no wool so it is easier to get to the cells

Answer 17

equiv of artificially producing twins cells of an early embryo are separated (gi) high value pedigree animals are used as egg and sperm AI zygote is produced which is grown 8-16), then split into single cells or groups of cells develops further before implanting into surrogate mother which doesnt need to be a high quality (dont want to risk it with pregnancy) eg cattle and sheep

Answer 18

genetically identical so all react the same/genetic variable controlled

Answer 19

expensive to produce dont see varied response to drug like in real population of (named) idea that clones of named may have unknown health issues which would affect responses

Answer 20

to produce elite, best animals. to preserve endangered species produce stem cells/tissues/organs

Answer 21

Biotechnology is the industrial use of living organisms to make products for human use.

Answer 22

Production of foods (cheese, bread and yoghurt.) Production of medicines (penicillin and insulin) Bioremediation (microorganisms break down contaminants in land and water)

Answer 23

Microorganisms reproduce quickly (we can grow large numbers in a short amount of time) Microorganisms can be grown using waste products (This reduces the cost of growing them) Microorganisms produce healthier foods which are high in protein and low in cholesterol. Microorganisms grow in low temperatures (This reduces the cost of growing them)

Answer 24

Contamination may spoil food produced and pose a health risk. People may not wish to eat the foods produced (microorganisms are grown using waste products. This could be unappetising to people) The foods produced often need added chemicals to give them more flavour as the food has little a lot of skill is needed to produce them and The equipment used to grow microorganisms is expensive.

Answer 25

the use of enzymes isolated from microorganisms in many biotechnological processes. they are stuck to an insoluble material.

Answer 26

adsorption

Answer 27

covalent bonding

Answer 28

This involves trapping the enzyme in a matrix , such as collagen, which prevents the enzyme from moving.

Answer 29

partially-permeable membrane.

Answer 30

They reduce downstream processing (This means it’s easier to separate the enzyme from the product) The enzymes are easy to recover and reuse (reduces the cost of the process) The temperature tolerance of the enzyme is increased (allows the reaction to run at higher temperatures and this increases the yield)

Answer 31

Producing immobilised enzymes is expensive (expensive to isolate enzymes than using enzymes in the whole microorganism) The enzymes may become detached (mix with the product and need to be removed) Immobilisation can change the shape of the active site (reduces the rate of the reaction)