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alevel biology ocr > chapter 13 (13.9 and 13.10) > Flashcards

chapter 13 (13.9 and 13.10) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called

A

the sarcoplasm

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2
Q

what is the specialised/modified endoplasmic reticulum in a muscle cell called

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

what is included in the triad

A

the end of the t-tubule the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the start of the z line

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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5
Q

which ns are skeletal muscles controlled by

A

the somatic ns

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6
Q

are skeletal muscles voluntary or in

A

voluntary (under conscious control

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7
Q

is cardiac voluntary or in

A

involuntary not under conscious control

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8
Q

which ns is cardiac muscle controlled by

A

autonomic ns

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9
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

wall of hollow organs eg stomach and intestine (viscera)
walls of blood vessels
respiratory system
eyes
skin

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10
Q

is smooth muscle voluntary or in

A

involuntary not under conscious control

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11
Q

which ns controls smooth muscle

A

autonomic

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12
Q

what is the name of the smooth muscle that is in the skin

A

erector pili muscles

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13
Q

compare length of contraction (duration) for the 3 types of muscle

A

skeletal- short
cardiac- intermediate
smooth- can remain contracted for relatively long time

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14
Q

compare the speed of contraction for the 3 types of muscle

A

skeletal- rapid
cardiac- intermediate
smooth- slow

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15
Q

which muscles are striated

A

skeletal
cardiac yes but faintly
smooth nonstriated

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16
Q

compare the arrangement of muscle cells in each muscle and how it relates to the direction of contraction

A

skeletal- regularly arranged so muscle contracts in one direction
cardiac- cells branch and interconnect so simultaneous contraction occurs.
smooth- no regular arrangement- different cells can contract in different directions

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17
Q

compare the amount of nuclei in the cells of all 3 muscle types

A

skeletal- multinucleate
cardiac and smooth- uninucleate

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18
Q

function of cardiac muscle

A

allows the heart to pump blood

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19
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

to move limbs

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20
Q

function of smooth muscle

A

to move substances through organs, blood vessels etc

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21
Q

which neurotransmitters are involved in all 3 muscle types

A

all acetylcholine
cardiac and smooth- noadrenaline
smooth- other hormones as well

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22
Q

which type of muscle is myogenic and what does that mean

A

cardiac

they contract without the need for nervous stimulation so the heart is able to beat at a regular rhythm

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23
Q

what connects gap junctions/the branches in cardiac muscle

A

intercalated discs

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24
Q

are there junctions between fibres in skeletal

A

no

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25
Q

in muscle what are muscle cells called

A

muscle fibres or myocardiocytes in cardiac muscle

they are a single muscle cell is an elongated cell that looks like a thread, this is called a muscle fibre

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26
Q

in skeletal muscle the fibres are ……. in origin and …… (amount of nuclei per cell

A

multicellular and multinucleate

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27
Q

skeletal muscles are tubular true or false

A

true

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28
Q

what is a sarcomere

A

a functional unit of muscle
one repeat of the pattern of light and dark bands
a protein stack of at least 4 AFs and one MF in the middle

A sarcomere is defined as the distance between adjacent z line son a myofibril

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29
Q

where is the sarcomere

A

it is the segment between the two adjacent z lines

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30
Q

what are muscle fibres like in smooth muscle (shape)

A

spindle shaped with a wide middle and tapering ends

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31
Q

which muscle cells are branched and which are tubular

A

branched- cardiac
tubular- skeletal

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32
Q

what are muscle cells like in skeletal muscle

A

theyre extremely long and are make up from many embryonic muscle cells fusing together to make up muscle fibres making them stronger by reducing cell junctions laterally

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33
Q

bundles of muscle fibres are covered by an additional plasma membrane called the

A

sarcolemma

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34
Q

the sarcolemma folds inwards to form

A

transverse tubules or T tubules

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35
Q

what are transverse tubules for

A

they increase the surface area of the sarcolemma, they help to spread the electrical impulse throughout the muscle to allow it to contract as a whole

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36
Q

there are many of which organelle to provide ATP for contraction

A

mitochondria

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37
Q

what is special about the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

it contains many Ca2+ for the muscle fibre to contract

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38
Q

what are myofibrils

A

they are special organelles which allow the muscle fibre to contact longitudinally

inside a muscle fibre there are more tubular structures they are cell organelles canned myofibrils

muscle fibres contain many myofibrils

myofibrils are made up of many repeating sarcomeres

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39
Q

what two types of protein filaments are myofibrils made from

A

actin and myosin

40
Q

which out of actin and myosin is thicker

A

myosin is thicker and actin is thinner

41
Q

what is the structure of actin filament

A

two actin molecules twisted around each other

42
Q

what is the structure of myosin filaments

A

many bulbous headed myosin molecules wrapped around into a bundle

to form a myosin filament one thread is bundled together with many other threads

myosin filaments are made up of myosin protein, forming 2 myosin filaments that are wrapped around each other

43
Q

what type of proteins are actin and myosin and what about the head and what 2Y structure do they have

A

both fibrous however the myosin head is globular

beta pleated sheet

44
Q

what is the appearance of myofibrils

A

striped with light and dark bands

45
Q

what is the light band also known as

A

I band
isotropic band

46
Q

what IS the light band

A

where actin and myosin filaments do not overlap

47
Q

what is the dark band also known as

A

A band
anisotropic band

48
Q

what IS the dark band

A

where actin and myosin filaments overlap, it contains the entire length of a myosin filament

49
Q

there is a strip of lightness in the middle of which band

A

the dark band

50
Q

why does the dark band have a light strip in the middle and what is it called

A

where there is no actin this is called the H zone

51
Q

what do the myosin heads have on them

A

actin binding sites and atp binding sites

52
Q

the myosin head it ….. and will ……. because theyre

A

flexible and will move because they are hinged

53
Q

the tails of several hundred myosin … align to form the myosin ……

A

molecule

filament

54
Q

what does actin have on it

A

binding site for mysin

55
Q

the actin myosin binding sites are usually blocked by what and it is held in place by what

A

tropomyosin and it is held in place by troponin

56
Q

what is tropomyosin and where is it

A

it is a fibrous protein chain that wraps around the actin filaments

57
Q

what is the z line

A

the zig zaggy line
in the centre of each light band, it is made from several proteins and consists of actin filaments

58
Q

the z line creates transverse ………. for the sarcomere

A

stability

59
Q

what is the m line

A

a line through the middle of the sarcomere

it consists of myosin filaments

60
Q

what makes up the microfibrils in the sarcomere

A

myosin and actin

61
Q

what is the actin attached to

A

the z line

62
Q

when a muscle contracts what happens to the I band

A

it gets smaller

63
Q

when a muscle contracts what happens to the A band

A

it stays the same

64
Q

when a muscle contracts what happens to theH zone and why

A

reduces as actin slides over myosin

65
Q

when a muscle contracts what happens to the z lines

A

they get closer together

66
Q

Within muscle, thin and thick filaments can be found in…

A

microfibrils

67
Q

a sarcomere is made up of how many z and m lines

A

2 z, 1 m

68
Q

why is the light band light

A

because actin filaments are thinner letting more light through

69
Q

what are the 3 souces of atp for muscles contraction

A

aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
creatine phosphate

70
Q

when is aerobic respiration used for muscle contraction

A

when atp demand matches glucose and o2 supply

71
Q

when is anaerobic respiration used for muscle contraction

A

when atp demand is greater than the glucose and o2 supply

72
Q

when is creatine phosphate used for muscular contraction and how

A

when atp demand is greater than the glucose and o2 supply

creatine phosphate phosphorylises adp into atp and creatine

73
Q

what triggers the actin and myosin filaments to move

A

the action potential

74
Q

The movement of actin and myosin is the result of a(n) …….. that is triggered inside a muscle fibre of a(n) ……….. junction.

A

action potential
neuromuscular junction

75
Q

What are the three types of muscle found in the body?

A

skeletal, cardiacand smooth/involuntarymuscle.

76
Q

Which type of muscle is under voluntary control?

A

skeletal

77
Q

Which type of muscle has the slowest contraction speed?

A

smooth

78
Q

What two types of muscles are striated?

A

cardiacand skeletal.

79
Q

Which type of muscle is branched?

A

cardiac

80
Q

Which type of muscle is multinucleated?

A

skeletal

81
Q

Which type of muscle is capable of remaining contracted for relatively long periods of time?

A

smooth

82
Q

What is actin?
a molecule that forms the …….

A

Actin is a molecule that forms the thin protein filaments in myofibrils in muscle fibre.

83
Q

what is myosin
a molecule which forms the

A

thick protein filaments in myofibrils in muscle fibre

84
Q

What is the name of the band on a sarcomere where actin and myosin do not overlap?

A

i band

85
Q

What is the name of the band on a sarcomere where actin and myosin do overlap?

A

a band

86
Q

Which protein filament is present in the H zone of a sarcomere?

A

myosin filament

87
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The neuromuscular junction is where a(n) motor neurone meets a(n) skeletal muscle fibre

88
Q

Which ions are released when an action potential reaches a neuromuscular junction?

A

calcium ions

89
Q

What is the neurotransmitter found in the neuromuscular junction?

A

acetylcholine

90
Q

Which enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitter found in the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholinesterase/ACh esterase, AChE, AChase, acetylhydrolase

91
Q

What change occurs when an ATP molecule binds to the myosin head during muscle contraction?

A

The myosin head detaches from the actin filament.

92
Q

What change in the myosin head takes place when energy is released by the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

The myosin head changes its angle or shape causing it to return to its original position.

93
Q

Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is needed for what two processes during muscle contraction?

A

Movement of myosin heads and active transport of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

94
Q

What is the role of creatine phosphate in muscle contraction?

A

To act as a reserve supply of phosphate ions to reform ATP quickly during short bursts of high activity.

95
Q

explain why

A
96
Q
A

alevel biology ocr (26 decks)

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