Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

alevel biology ocr > chapter 18- respiration > Flashcards

chapter 18- respiration Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many carbons does atp have

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many molecules of atp does the average body cell have

A

1,000,000,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what nitrogenous base does atp have

A

adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do cells require energy for

A

mrs nerg (organisms)
synthesis of molecules
transport of molecules or ions
cellular movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why is atp universal

A

because it is used for energy transfer in cells of all living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is energy required or released when bonds are broken

A

required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is energy required or released when bonds are made

A

released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what ratio do living cells maintain between atp and adp

A

5 atp for every 1 adp so that the cell is ready to use the atp when demands arise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which are the high energy bonds in atp

A

the phosphate to phosphate bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what enzyme is used to synthesise atp

A

atp synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where is energy stored in glucose

A

carbon hydrogen bonds
carbon carbon bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many carbons does glucose have

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the reactions in respiration are … controlled

A

enzyme controlled reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in plants which is higher during the day, p or r

A

p

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

in plants which is higher during the night p or r

A

r

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the stages of respiration

A

glycolysis
then either fermentation (anaerobic) or link reaction (aerobic)
from link reaction, krebs cycle
electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

in the cytoplasm of a cell near mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does glucose enter the cell

A

by facilitated diffusion through a transport protein specific to glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the first stage of glycolysis

A

Glucose enters the cell’s cytoplasm. Upon entry, an enzyme adds two phosphate groups to glucose in a process known as phosphorylation. These phosphate groups are available due to the breakdown of two ATP molecules.

As a result, this produces a new molecule called hexose bisphosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

is hexose bisphosphate more or less reactive than glucose

A

more reactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why is glucose converted to hexoseb bisphosphate

A

to trap glucose in the cell, preventing it from leaving as there is a lower concentration of glucose out of the cell and so if it was just a glucose molecule it would diffuse out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the 2nd stage of glycolysis (hexose bisphosphate…)

A

hexose bisphosphate is lysed/split into TWO molecules of triose phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the 3rd stage of glycolysis (triose phosphate molecules…)

A

EACH triose phosphate molecule has a phosphate added (from free inorganic Pi present in cytoplasm) to make triose bisphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the 4th stage of glycolysis (triose bisphosphate molecules…)

A

triose bisphosphate molecules are oxidised this is called dehydrogenation and forms 2 molecules of pyruvate

NADH formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when triose bisphosphate molecules are oxidised during glycolysis what happens in terms of hydrogen

A

hydrogen atoms are removed (2) and accepted by NAD to form reduced NAD/NADH (2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the term for the formation of ATP which does not involve the electron transport chain?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the last step of glycolysis (triose bisphosphate molecules have their..)

A

triose bisphosphate molecules have their phosphate groups removed, which are used to reform atp from adp this is called substrate level phosphrylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

During the oxidation-reduction reaction in glycolysis …..is converted into …

A

NAD to NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how much atp is produced in glycolysis

A

2 consumed
4 produced (triose phosphate&raquo_space;pyruvate)
net 2 produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

in short glycolysis glucose is converted into …

A

pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the name of the first three-carbon molecule produced in glycolysis?

A

triose phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the three types of chemical reaction involved in glycolysis?

A

lysis, phosphorylation, oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How many pyruvate molecules are produced from each glucose molecule in glycolysis?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which coenzyme acts as the hydrogen acceptor in glycolysis?

A

NAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

products of glycolysis

A

2atp (NET), pyruvate, reduced NAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the role of the outer mitochondrial membrane

A

compartmentalisation, separating contents from the rest of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

contains etc, atp synthase it is highly folded forming cristae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are cristae

A

projections of the inner membrane which increase the sa available for oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the role of the innermembrane space in a mitochondrion

A

it is where proteins are pumped into by the etc, it is a small space so conc builds up quickly

41
Q

what is the first stage of the link reaction (pyruvate is pumped..)

A

pyruvate is pumped into the mitochondrial matrix by carrier proteins

42
Q

2nd stage of the link reaction (process of..)

A

pyruvate is put through the process of oxidative decarboxylation when it enters the matrix

43
Q

in the link reaction, during decarboxylation what is removed from pyruvate

A

carbon dioxide

44
Q

in the link reaction, during decarboxylation, what happens in terms of carbon

A

pyruvate (3 carbon) become

45
Q

what is the 3/4th stage of the link reaction (H atoms …)

A

hydrogen atoms are removed in an oxidation reaction and are accepted by NAD to produce reduced NAD/NADH

46
Q

what is the final step of the link reaction (product)

A

when NADH is formed a 2 carbon group gets bound to COENZYME A to produce acetylecoenzyme A or acetyl CoA

47
Q

What is the name of the two-carbon compound produced from pyruvate? This molecule is then bound to a coenzyme.

A

acetyl

48
Q

Which two coenzymes are involved in the link reaction?

A

coenzyme A and nadh

49
Q

What is the end product of the link reaction

A

Acetyl CoA

50
Q

Where in the cell does the link reaction occur?

A

matrix of the mitochondria

51
Q

NAD, FAD and CoA are all what

A

coenzymes

52
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

53
Q

how many carbons are in acetyl

A

2

54
Q

what is the 1st stage of the krebs cycle acetyl…

A

acetyl arrives with CoA which leaves and it combines with oxaloacetate to form 6 carbon citrate/citric acid

55
Q

how many carbons does oxaloacetate have

A

4

56
Q

why does CoA leave the krebs cycle and when does it return

A

it leaves to go and collect more acetyl from the link reaction, it returns after citrate is formed

57
Q

2nd stage of krebs, citrate molecule is

A

citrate molecule is DECARBOXYLATED (removal of CO2) and DEHYDROGENATED (removal of hydrogen ions which are accepted by NAD to form NADH)

58
Q

what is produced after the 2 nd stage of the krebs cycle (from a citrate) and why

A

a 5 carbon intermediary (citrate is 6 but one goes to make co2)

59
Q

what is the 3rd stage of krebs, 5c intermediary is

A

DECARBOXYLATED (removal of C to make CO2)

and DEHYDROGENATED (removal of H+ to make NADH)

60
Q

what is the 4th stage of krebs, 4c intermediary undergoes

A

4c undergoes substrate level phosphorylation to produce 1 ATP from ADP+Pi

61
Q

what happens to the 4c intermediary after SLP (2)

A

it is DEHYDROGENATED to produce FADH2

it is DEHYDROGENATED to produce NADH

62
Q

what is caused from the last 3 reaction in the krebs cycle

A

4c intermediary is converted into oxaloacetate so the cycle can turn again

63
Q

what is the MOST important thing to remember about the krebs cycle

A

IT TURNS TWICE FOR EVERY MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE BECAUSE THERE ARE 2 PYRUVATE MOLECULES

64
Q

how many carbons is citrate

A

6

65
Q

What two chemical processes are involved in the conversion of the six-carbon compound into a five-carbon compound?

A

Dehydrogenation and decarboxylation

66
Q

what happens to all the reduced NAD and FAD

A

it goes to etc

67
Q

how much atp is produced from 1 turn of the krebs cycle

A

1

68
Q

what are coenzymes

A

organic molecules such as vitamins loosely bound to enzymes allowing them to by catalytic

69
Q

what is the role of coenzymes in respiration

A

to move protons electrons and functional groups between enzymes

70
Q

what makes FAD into FADH

A

FAD + 2e- + 2H+ > FADH2

oxidoreduction which is happening all the time

71
Q

one reduced NAD can make how many ATP

A

3

72
Q

one reduced FAD can make how many ATP

A

2

73
Q

what is there on the cristae

A

a phospholipid bilayer

74
Q

where does the etc exist

A

between maxtrix and intermembrane space

75
Q

what does etc establish

A

a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

76
Q

in an etc what do the electrons move between

A

electron carriers

77
Q

what are electron carrier made from

A

proteins

78
Q

where are the electron carrier proteins

A

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

79
Q

for the etc where do the high energy electrons come from

A

reduced NAD and reduced FAD

80
Q

what happens in etc

A

high energy electrons are transported between electron carrier proteins which causes the transfer or protons across the inner membrane

81
Q

what happens at the end of the etc

A

the electrons have low energy and they are accepted by free oxygen molecules which forms water

82
Q

from an etc what happens to the H+ that diffuse into the intermembrane space

A

they diffuse through atp synthase, down the proton concentration gradient

83
Q

by what transport process do the protons go through the innermembrane

A

facilitated diffusion via the atpsynthase

84
Q

which respiratory substrate yields the greatest amount of ATP per gram?

A

lipids

85
Q

What is meant by the term respiratory quotient?

A

The amount of carbon dioxide released, compared with (or divided by) the amount of oxygen used, during respiration.

86
Q

What is indicated if an organism has a respiratory quotient with a value less than 1

A

he organism is using lipids and proteins as respiratory substrates in addition to carbohydrates.

87
Q

What is indicated if an organism has a respiratory quotient greater than 1

A

The organism is using aerobic respiration.

88
Q

What is the name of the arrangement of proteins in the mitochondrial cristae which accepts high energy electrons from reduced NAD?

A

The electron transport chain

89
Q

What term is used to describe the reaction involving the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers in the electron transport chain?

A

redox reaction

90
Q

In respiration, what is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain?

A

oxygeb

91
Q

In respiration, a waste product is produced at the end of the electron transport chain. What is this waste product

A

water

92
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

atp , pyruvate and reduced NAD.

93
Q

Where in a cell do the reactions of glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

94
Q

What substance is produced in the first step of glycolysis?

A

hexose bisphosphate

95
Q
A
96
Q
A
97
Q
A
98
Q
A
99
Q
A

alevel biology ocr (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions