chapter 18- respiration Flashcards
1
Q
how many carbons does atp have
A
5
2
Q
how many molecules of atp does the average body cell have
A
1,000,000,000
3
Q
what nitrogenous base does atp have
A
adenine
4
Q
what do cells require energy for
A
mrs nerg (organisms)
synthesis of molecules
transport of molecules or ions
cellular movement
5
Q
why is atp universal
A
because it is used for energy transfer in cells of all living things
6
Q
is energy required or released when bonds are broken
A
required
7
Q
is energy required or released when bonds are made
A
released
8
Q
what ratio do living cells maintain between atp and adp
A
5 atp for every 1 adp so that the cell is ready to use the atp when demands arise
9
Q
which are the high energy bonds in atp
A
the phosphate to phosphate bonds
10
Q
what enzyme is used to synthesise atp
A
atp synthase
11
Q
where is energy stored in glucose
A
carbon hydrogen bonds
carbon carbon bonds
12
Q
how many carbons does glucose have
A
6
13
Q
the reactions in respiration are … controlled
A
enzyme controlled reaction
14
Q
in plants which is higher during the day, p or r
A
p
15
Q
in plants which is higher during the night p or r
A
r
16
Q
what are the stages of respiration
A
glycolysis
then either fermentation (anaerobic) or link reaction (aerobic)
from link reaction, krebs cycle
electron transport chain
17
Q
where does glycolysis take place
A
in the cytoplasm of a cell near mitochondrion
18
Q
how does glucose enter the cell
A
by facilitated diffusion through a transport protein specific to glucose
19
Q
what is the first stage of glycolysis
A
Glucose enters the cell’s cytoplasm. Upon entry, an enzyme adds two phosphate groups to glucose in a process known as phosphorylation. These phosphate groups are available due to the breakdown of two ATP molecules.
As a result, this produces a new molecule called hexose bisphosphate.
20
Q
is hexose bisphosphate more or less reactive than glucose
A
more reactive
21
Q
why is glucose converted to hexoseb bisphosphate
A
to trap glucose in the cell, preventing it from leaving as there is a lower concentration of glucose out of the cell and so if it was just a glucose molecule it would diffuse out
22
Q
what is the 2nd stage of glycolysis (hexose bisphosphate…)
A
hexose bisphosphate is lysed/split into TWO molecules of triose phosphate
23
Q
what is the 3rd stage of glycolysis (triose phosphate molecules…)
A
EACH triose phosphate molecule has a phosphate added (from free inorganic Pi present in cytoplasm) to make triose bisphosphate
24
Q
what is the 4th stage of glycolysis (triose bisphosphate molecules…)
A
triose bisphosphate molecules are oxidised this is called dehydrogenation and forms 2 molecules of pyruvate
NADH formed
25
when triose bisphosphate molecules are oxidised during glycolysis what happens in terms of hydrogen
hydrogen atoms are removed (2) and accepted by NAD to form reduced NAD/NADH (2)
26
What is the term for the formation of ATP which does not involve the electron transport chain?
substrate level phosphorylation
substrate has the p needed
27
what is the last step of glycolysis (triose bisphosphate molecules have their..)
triose bisphosphate molecules have their phosphate groups removed, which are used to reform atp from adp this is called substrate level phosphrylation
28
During the oxidation-reduction reaction in glycolysis .....is converted into ...
NAD to NADH
29
how much atp is produced in glycolysis
2 consumed
4 produced (triose phosphate >>pyruvate)
net 2 produced
30
is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic
anaerobic
31
in short glycolysis glucose is converted into ...
pyruvate
32
What is the name of the first three-carbon molecule produced in glycolysis?
triose phosphate
33
What are the three types of chemical reaction involved in glycolysis?
lysis, phosphorylation, oxidation
34
How many pyruvate molecules are produced from each glucose molecule in glycolysis?
2
35
Which coenzyme acts as the hydrogen acceptor in glycolysis?
NAD
36
products of glycolysis
2atp (NET), pyruvate, reduced NAD
37
what is the role of the outer mitochondrial membrane
compartmentalisation, separating contents from the rest of the cell
38
what is the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane
contains etc, atp synthase it is highly folded forming cristae
39
what are cristae
projections of the inner membrane which increase the sa available for oxidative phosphorylation
40
what is the role of the innermembrane space in a mitochondrion
it is where proteins are pumped into by the etc, it is a small space so conc builds up quickly
41
where is the inner mitochondrial membrane located
between the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix
42
what is the first stage of the link reaction (pyruvate is pumped..)
pyruvate is pumped/actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix by carrier proteins
43
The movement of pyruvate into the mitochondria is an example of cotransport facilitated by active transport. This means that it needs…
transport/carrier proteins
energy
44
2nd stage of the link reaction (process of..)
pyruvate is put through the process of oxidative decarboxylation when it enters the matrix
45
in the link reaction, during decarboxylation what is removed from pyruvate
carbon dioxide (1c goes)
46
in the link reaction, during decarboxylation, what happens in terms of carbon
pyruvate (3 carbon) become
47
what is the 3/4th stage of the link reaction (H atoms ...)
hydrogen atoms are removed in an oxidation reaction and are accepted by NAD to produce reduced NAD/NADH
48
what is the final step of the link reaction (product)
when NADH is formed a 2 carbon group gets bound to COENZYME A to produce acetylecoenzyme A or acetyl CoA
49
What is the name of the two-carbon compound produced from pyruvate? This molecule is then bound to a coenzyme.
acetyl
50
Which two coenzymes are involved in the link reaction?
coenzyme A and nadh
51
What is the end product of the link reaction
Acetyl CoA
52
Where in the cell does the link reaction occur?
matrix of the mitochondria
53
NAD, FAD and CoA are all what
coenzymes
54
where does the krebs cycle take place
in the matrix of the mitochondria
55
how many carbons are in acetyl
2
56
what is the 1st stage of the krebs cycle acetyl...
acetyl arrives with CoA which leaves and it combines with oxaloacetate to form 6 carbon citrate/citric acid
57
how many carbons does oxaloacetate have
4
58
why does CoA leave the krebs cycle and when does it return
it leaves to go and collect more acetyl from the link reaction, it returns after citrate is formed
59
2nd stage of krebs, citrate molecule is
citrate molecule is DECARBOXYLATED (removal of CO2) and DEHYDROGENATED and oxidised (removal of hydrogen ions which are accepted by NAD to form NADH)
60
what is produced after the 2 nd stage of the krebs cycle (from a citrate) and why
a 5 carbon intermediary (citrate is 6 but one goes to make co2)
61
what is the 3rd stage of krebs, 5c intermediary is
DECARBOXYLATED (removal of C to make CO2)
and DEHYDROGENATED (removal of H+ to make NADH)
62
what is the 4th stage of krebs, 4c intermediary undergoes
4c undergoes substrate level phosphorylation to produce 1 ATP from ADP+Pi
63
what happens to the 4c intermediary after SLP (2)
it is DEHYDROGENATED to produce FADH2
it is DEHYDROGENATED to produce NADH
64
what is caused from the last 3 reaction in the krebs cycle
4c intermediary is converted into oxaloacetate so the cycle can turn again
65
what is the MOST important thing to remember about the krebs cycle
IT TURNS TWICE FOR EVERY MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE BECAUSE THERE ARE 2 PYRUVATE MOLECULES
66
how many carbons is citrate
6
67
What two chemical processes are involved in the conversion of the six-carbon compound into a five-carbon compound?
Dehydrogenation and decarboxylation
68
what happens to all the reduced NAD and FAD
it goes to etc
69
how much atp is produced from 1 turn of the krebs cycle
1
70
what are coenzymes
organic molecules such as vitamins loosely bound to enzymes allowing them to by catalytic
71
what is the role of coenzymes in respiration
to move protons electrons and functional groups between enzymes
72
what makes FAD into FADH
FAD + 2e- + 2H+ > FADH2
oxidoreduction which is happening all the time
73
one reduced NAD can make how many ATP
3
74
one reduced FAD can make how many ATP
2
75
what is there on the cristae
a phospholipid bilayer
76
where does the etc exist
between maxtrix and intermembrane space
77
what does etc establish
a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
78
in an etc what do the electrons move between
electron carriers
79
what are electron carrier made from
proteins
80
where are the electron carrier proteins
in the inner mitochondrial membrane
81
for the etc where do the high energy electrons come from
reduced NAD and reduced FAD
82
what happens in etc
high energy electrons are transported between electron carrier proteins which causes the transfer or protons across the inner membrane
83
what happens at the end of the etc
the electrons have low energy and they are accepted by free oxygen molecules which forms water
84
from an etc what happens to the H+ that diffuse into the intermembrane space
they diffuse through atp synthase, down the proton concentration gradient
85
To produce ATP in the final stage of aerobic respiration, an enzyme called ....... is used
atp synthase
86
To catalyse the production of ATP by atp synthase, energy is supplied through the diffusion of .......... down a ............ gradient. As a result, these particles move from the .......... to the matrix.
hydrogen ions/proton
electrochemical/proton gradient
intermembrane space
87
Finally, the movement of ions across a partially permeable membrane, from an area of a high concentration to an area of low concentration, is known as
chemiosmosis
88
To catalyse the production of ATP by ATP synthase, energy is supplied through the diffusion of…
protons down a proton gradient.
89
by what transport process do the protons go through the innermembrane
facilitated diffusion via the atpsynthase
90
In mitochondria, there is a higher concentration of protons in the ....... compared to the ........
To maintain this proton gradient, proteins move the protons by the process of
intermembrane space compared to the matrix
active transport
91
which respiratory substrate yields the greatest amount of ATP per gram?
lipids
92
K > K+ + e- is oxidation or reduction reaction
oxidation
93
Li+ + e- > Li is oxidation or reduction
reduction
94
Proteins in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion need energy to actively transport protons across the membrane. true or false
TRUE
95
what is transferred through proteins on the inner membrane to generate energy?
electrons
96
When electrons move through proteins on the inner membrane, what reactions occur to facilitate the exchange of electrons down the chain?
Oxidation-reduction reactions enable the electrons to move down the chain of proteins.
97
What is meant by the term respiratory quotient?
The amount of carbon dioxide released, compared with (or divided by) the amount of oxygen used, during respiration.
98
what is Q10 and how is it calculated
it is a rise of 10 degrees
calculate the difference and ratio of those on the y axis??/
99
There are proteins on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion which facilitate the movement of electrons.
Collectively, these proteins are called the…
electron transfer chain
100
The transfer of protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix happens via…
chemiosmosis
101
What is indicated if an organism has a respiratory quotient with a value less than 1
he organism is using lipids and proteins as respiratory substrates in addition to carbohydrates.
lipids 0.7
proteins 0.9
102
What is indicated if an organism has a respiratory quotient greater than 1
The organism is using anaerobic respiration.
103
What is the name of the arrangement of proteins in the mitochondrial cristae which accepts high energy electrons from reduced NAD?
The electron transport chain
104
What term is used to describe the reaction involving the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers in the electron transport chain?
redox reaction
105
In respiration, what is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain?
oxygen
106
In respiration, a waste product is produced at the end of the electron transport chain. What is this waste product
water
107
What are the products of glycolysis?
atp , pyruvate and reduced NAD.
108
Where in a cell do the reactions of glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
109
What substance is produced in the first step of glycolysis?
hexose bisphosphate
110
what is the role of pyruvate in anaerobic respiration
is it a hydrogen acceptor and it removes hydrogen from reduced NAD
111
lactate is removed from the muscle cell and is transported to an organ via...
to the liver in the blood
112
why is it important that NAD is formed during the reaction in which pyruvate is converted into lactate
for glycolysis to take place nad is needed
there is a limited amount of nad in the cell
formation of nad allows glycolysis to continue and some atp to be forme
113
microtubules can be prevented from functioning by a respiratory inhibitor true or false
true
114
what is the inhibitor for citrate synthase
citric acid NOT OXALOACETATE
115
An intermediate molecule in the Krebs cycle is isocitrate. This 6 carbon molecule is converted to alpha ketoglutarate, a 5 carbon molecule, by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase is activated by the binding of a molecule of ADP
Using your knowledge of enzymes, explain how isocitrate dehydrogenase is activated
Binding of ADP causes a change in the active site of the isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme. This causes the active site to change shape and become complementary to isocitrate, so it is able to bind. The enzyme is now activated.
116
Isocitrate dehydrogenase can be inhibited by the addition of a molecule named Compound 9, which is similar in structure to isocitrate.
Using your knowledge of enzymes, suggest how Compound 9 inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase.
Compound $9$ acts as a competitive inhibitor and attaches to the active site of isocitrate dehydrogenase. This reduces or prevents the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes between the enzyme and isocitrate. Therefore, isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited.
117
In which stage(s) of aerobic respiration is CO2 produced?
link reaction, krebs cycle
118
Which stage(s) of aerobic respiration take place in the mitochondria?
link reaction, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
119
In which stage(s) of aerobic respiration is NADH produced?
glycolysis, link reaction, krebs cycle
120
Name all the products of the link reaction
carbon dioxide, NADH, acetyl coenzyme a
121
In which stage(s) does substrate-level phosphorylation take place?
krebs cycle, glycolysis
122
Which stage of aerobic respiration produces the most CO2 molecules per glucose molecule?
krebs cycle
1 glucose=2 pyruvate= 2(2 co2)
123
