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chapter 18- respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

how many carbons does atp have

A

5

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2
Q

how many molecules of atp does the average body cell have

A

1,000,000,000

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3
Q

what nitrogenous base does atp have

A

adenine

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4
Q

what do cells require energy for

A

mrs nerg (organisms)
synthesis of molecules
transport of molecules or ions
cellular movement

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5
Q

why is atp universal

A

because it is used for energy transfer in cells of all living things

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6
Q

is energy required or released when bonds are broken

A

required

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7
Q

is energy required or released when bonds are made

A

released

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8
Q

what ratio do living cells maintain between atp and adp

A

5 atp for every 1 adp so that the cell is ready to use the atp when demands arise

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9
Q

which are the high energy bonds in atp

A

the phosphate to phosphate bonds

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10
Q

what enzyme is used to synthesise atp

A

atp synthase

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11
Q

where is energy stored in glucose

A

carbon hydrogen bonds
carbon carbon bonds

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12
Q

how many carbons does glucose have

A

6

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13
Q

the reactions in respiration are … controlled

A

enzyme controlled reaction

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14
Q

in plants which is higher during the day, p or r

A

p

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15
Q

in plants which is higher during the night p or r

A

r

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16
Q

what are the stages of respiration

A

glycolysis
then either fermentation (anaerobic) or link reaction (aerobic)
from link reaction, krebs cycle
electron transport chain

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17
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

in the cytoplasm of a cell near mitochondrion

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18
Q

how does glucose enter the cell

A

by facilitated diffusion through a transport protein specific to glucose

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19
Q

what is the first stage of glycolysis

A

Glucose enters the cell’s cytoplasm. Upon entry, an enzyme adds two phosphate groups to glucose in a process known as phosphorylation. These phosphate groups are available due to the breakdown of two ATP molecules.

As a result, this produces a new molecule called hexose bisphosphate.

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20
Q

is hexose bisphosphate more or less reactive than glucose

A

more reactive

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21
Q

why is glucose converted to hexoseb bisphosphate

A

to trap glucose in the cell, preventing it from leaving as there is a lower concentration of glucose out of the cell and so if it was just a glucose molecule it would diffuse out

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22
Q

what is the 2nd stage of glycolysis (hexose bisphosphate…)

A

hexose bisphosphate is lysed/split into TWO molecules of triose phosphate

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23
Q

what is the 3rd stage of glycolysis (triose phosphate molecules…)

A

EACH triose phosphate molecule has a phosphate added (from free inorganic Pi present in cytoplasm) to make triose bisphosphate

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24
Q

what is the 4th stage of glycolysis (triose bisphosphate molecules…)

A

triose bisphosphate molecules are oxidised this is called dehydrogenation and forms 2 molecules of pyruvate

NADH formed

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25
Q

when triose bisphosphate molecules are oxidised during glycolysis what happens in terms of hydrogen

A

hydrogen atoms are removed (2) and accepted by NAD to form reduced NAD/NADH (2)

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26
Q

What is the term for the formation of ATP which does not involve the electron transport chain?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

substrate has the p needed

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27
Q

what is the last step of glycolysis (triose bisphosphate molecules have their..)

A

triose bisphosphate molecules have their phosphate groups removed, which are used to reform atp from adp this is called substrate level phosphrylation

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28
Q

During the oxidation-reduction reaction in glycolysis …..is converted into …

A

NAD to NADH

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29
Q

how much atp is produced in glycolysis

A

2 consumed
4 produced (triose phosphate&raquo_space;pyruvate)
net 2 produced

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30
Q

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic

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31
Q

in short glycolysis glucose is converted into …

A

pyruvate

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32
Q

What is the name of the first three-carbon molecule produced in glycolysis?

A

triose phosphate

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33
Q

What are the three types of chemical reaction involved in glycolysis?

A

lysis, phosphorylation, oxidation

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34
Q

How many pyruvate molecules are produced from each glucose molecule in glycolysis?

A

2

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35
Q

Which coenzyme acts as the hydrogen acceptor in glycolysis?

A

NAD

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36
Q

products of glycolysis

A

2atp (NET), pyruvate, reduced NAD

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37
Q

what is the role of the outer mitochondrial membrane

A

compartmentalisation, separating contents from the rest of the cell

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38
Q

what is the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

contains etc, atp synthase it is highly folded forming cristae

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39
Q

what are cristae

A

projections of the inner membrane which increase the sa available for oxidative phosphorylation

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40
Q

what is the role of the innermembrane space in a mitochondrion

A

it is where proteins are pumped into by the etc, it is a small space so conc builds up quickly

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41
Q

where is the inner mitochondrial membrane located

A

between the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix

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42
Q

what is the first stage of the link reaction (pyruvate is pumped..)

A

pyruvate is pumped/actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix by carrier proteins

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43
Q

The movement of pyruvate into the mitochondria is an example of cotransport facilitated by active transport. This means that it needs…

A

transport/carrier proteins
energy

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44
Q

2nd stage of the link reaction (process of..)

A

pyruvate is put through the process of oxidative decarboxylation when it enters the matrix

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45
Q

in the link reaction, during decarboxylation what is removed from pyruvate

A

carbon dioxide (1c goes)

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46
Q

in the link reaction, during decarboxylation, what happens in terms of carbon

A

pyruvate (3 carbon) become

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47
Q

what is the 3/4th stage of the link reaction (H atoms …)

A

hydrogen atoms are removed in an oxidation reaction and are accepted by NAD to produce reduced NAD/NADH

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48
Q

what is the final step of the link reaction (product)

A

when NADH is formed a 2 carbon group gets bound to COENZYME A to produce acetylecoenzyme A or acetyl CoA

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49
Q

What is the name of the two-carbon compound produced from pyruvate? This molecule is then bound to a coenzyme.

A

acetyl

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50
Q

Which two coenzymes are involved in the link reaction?

A

coenzyme A and nadh

51
Q

What is the end product of the link reaction

A

Acetyl CoA

52
Q

Where in the cell does the link reaction occur?

A

matrix of the mitochondria

53
Q

NAD, FAD and CoA are all what

A

coenzymes

54
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

55
Q

how many carbons are in acetyl

A

2

56
Q

what is the 1st stage of the krebs cycle acetyl…

A

acetyl arrives with CoA which leaves and it combines with oxaloacetate to form 6 carbon citrate/citric acid

57
Q

how many carbons does oxaloacetate have

A

4

58
Q

why does CoA leave the krebs cycle and when does it return

A

it leaves to go and collect more acetyl from the link reaction, it returns after citrate is formed

59
Q

2nd stage of krebs, citrate molecule is

A

citrate molecule is DECARBOXYLATED (removal of CO2) and DEHYDROGENATED and oxidised (removal of hydrogen ions which are accepted by NAD to form NADH)

60
Q

what is produced after the 2 nd stage of the krebs cycle (from a citrate) and why

A

a 5 carbon intermediary (citrate is 6 but one goes to make co2)

61
Q

what is the 3rd stage of krebs, 5c intermediary is

A

DECARBOXYLATED (removal of C to make CO2)

and DEHYDROGENATED (removal of H+ to make NADH)

62
Q

what is the 4th stage of krebs, 4c intermediary undergoes

A

4c undergoes substrate level phosphorylation to produce 1 ATP from ADP+Pi

63
Q

what happens to the 4c intermediary after SLP (2)

A

it is DEHYDROGENATED to produce FADH2

it is DEHYDROGENATED to produce NADH

64
Q

what is caused from the last 3 reaction in the krebs cycle

A

4c intermediary is converted into oxaloacetate so the cycle can turn again

65
Q

what is the MOST important thing to remember about the krebs cycle

A

IT TURNS TWICE FOR EVERY MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE BECAUSE THERE ARE 2 PYRUVATE MOLECULES

66
Q

how many carbons is citrate

A

6

67
Q

What two chemical processes are involved in the conversion of the six-carbon compound into a five-carbon compound?

A

Dehydrogenation and decarboxylation

68
Q

what happens to all the reduced NAD and FAD

A

it goes to etc

69
Q

how much atp is produced from 1 turn of the krebs cycle

A

1

70
Q

what are coenzymes

A

organic molecules such as vitamins loosely bound to enzymes allowing them to by catalytic

71
Q

what is the role of coenzymes in respiration

A

to move protons electrons and functional groups between enzymes

72
Q

what makes FAD into FADH

A

FAD + 2e- + 2H+ > FADH2

oxidoreduction which is happening all the time

73
Q

one reduced NAD can make how many ATP

A

3

74
Q

one reduced FAD can make how many ATP

A

2

75
Q

what is there on the cristae

A

a phospholipid bilayer

76
Q

where does the etc exist

A

between maxtrix and intermembrane space

77
Q

what does etc establish

A

a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

78
Q

in an etc what do the electrons move between

A

electron carriers

79
Q

what are electron carrier made from

A

proteins

80
Q

where are the electron carrier proteins

A

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

81
Q

for the etc where do the high energy electrons come from

A

reduced NAD and reduced FAD

82
Q

what happens in etc

A

high energy electrons are transported between electron carrier proteins which causes the transfer or protons across the inner membrane

83
Q

what happens at the end of the etc

A

the electrons have low energy and they are accepted by free oxygen molecules which forms water

84
Q

from an etc what happens to the H+ that diffuse into the intermembrane space

A

they diffuse through atp synthase, down the proton concentration gradient

85
Q

To produce ATP in the final stage of aerobic respiration, an enzyme called ……. is used

A

atp synthase

86
Q

To catalyse the production of ATP by atp synthase, energy is supplied through the diffusion of ………. down a ………… gradient. As a result, these particles move from the ………. to the matrix.

A

hydrogen ions/proton
electrochemical/proton gradient
intermembrane space

87
Q

Finally, the movement of ions across a partially permeable membrane, from an area of a high concentration to an area of low concentration, is known as

A

chemiosmosis

88
Q

To catalyse the production of ATP by ATP synthase, energy is supplied through the diffusion of…

A

protons down a proton gradient.

89
Q

by what transport process do the protons go through the innermembrane

A

facilitated diffusion via the atpsynthase

90
Q

In mitochondria, there is a higher concentration of protons in the ……. compared to the ……..

To maintain this proton gradient, proteins move the protons by the process of

A

intermembrane space compared to the matrix

active transport

91
Q

which respiratory substrate yields the greatest amount of ATP per gram?

A

lipids

92
Q

K > K+ + e- is oxidation or reduction reaction

A

oxidation

93
Q

Li+ + e- > Li is oxidation or reduction

A

reduction

94
Q

Proteins in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion need energy to actively transport protons across the membrane. true or false

A

TRUE

95
Q

what is transferred through proteins on the inner membrane to generate energy?

A

electrons

96
Q

When electrons move through proteins on the inner membrane, what reactions occur to facilitate the exchange of electrons down the chain?

A

Oxidation-reduction reactions enable the electrons to move down the chain of proteins.

97
Q

What is meant by the term respiratory quotient?

A

The amount of carbon dioxide released, compared with (or divided by) the amount of oxygen used, during respiration.

98
Q

what is Q10 and how is it calculated

A

it is a rise of 10 degrees

calculate the difference and ratio of those on the y axis??/

99
Q

There are proteins on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion which facilitate the movement of electrons.
Collectively, these proteins are called the…

A

electron transfer chain

100
Q

The transfer of protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix happens via…

A

chemiosmosis

101
Q

What is indicated if an organism has a respiratory quotient with a value less than 1

A

he organism is using lipids and proteins as respiratory substrates in addition to carbohydrates.

102
Q

What is indicated if an organism has a respiratory quotient greater than 1

A

The organism is using aerobic respiration.

103
Q

What is the name of the arrangement of proteins in the mitochondrial cristae which accepts high energy electrons from reduced NAD?

A

The electron transport chain

104
Q

What term is used to describe the reaction involving the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers in the electron transport chain?

A

redox reaction

105
Q

In respiration, what is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain?

A

oxygen

106
Q

In respiration, a waste product is produced at the end of the electron transport chain. What is this waste product

A

water

107
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

atp , pyruvate and reduced NAD.

108
Q

Where in a cell do the reactions of glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

109
Q

What substance is produced in the first step of glycolysis?

A

hexose bisphosphate

110
Q

what is the role of pyruvate in anaerobic respiration

A

is it a hydrogen acceptor and it removes hydrogen from reduced NAD

111
Q

lactate is removed from the muscle cell and is transported to an organ via…

A

to the liver in the blood

112
Q

why is it important that NAD is formed during the reaction in which pyruvate is converted into lactate

A

for glycolysis to take place nad is needed
there is a limited amount of nad in the cell
formation of nad allows glycolysis to continue and some atp to be forme

113
Q

microtubules can be prevented from functioning by a respiratory inhibitor true or false

A

true

114
Q

what is the inhibitor for citrate synthase

A

citric acid NOT OXALOACETATE

115
Q

An intermediate molecule in the Krebs cycle is isocitrate. This 6 carbon molecule is converted to alpha ketoglutarate, a 5 carbon molecule, by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase is activated by the binding of a molecule of ADP

Using your knowledge of enzymes, explain how isocitrate dehydrogenase is activated

A

Binding of ADP causes a change in the active site of the isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme. This causes the active site to change shape and become complementary to isocitrate, so it is able to bind. The enzyme is now activated.

116
Q

Isocitrate dehydrogenase can be inhibited by the addition of a molecule named Compound 9, which is similar in structure to isocitrate.
Using your knowledge of enzymes, suggest how Compound 9 inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase.

A

Compound $9$ acts as a competitive inhibitor and attaches to the active site of isocitrate dehydrogenase. This reduces or prevents the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes between the enzyme and isocitrate. Therefore, isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited.

117
Q

In which stage(s) of aerobic respiration is CO2 produced?

A

link reaction, krebs cycle

118
Q

Which stage(s) of aerobic respiration take place in the mitochondria?

A

link reaction, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

119
Q

In which stage(s) of aerobic respiration is NADH produced?

A

glycolysis, link reaction, krebs cycle

120
Q

Name all the products of the link reaction

A

carbon dioxide, NADH, acetyl coenzyme a

121
Q

In which stage(s) does substrate-level phosphorylation take place?

A

krebs cycle, glycolysis

122
Q

Which stage of aerobic respiration produces the most CO2 molecules per glucose molecule?

A

krebs cycle

1 glucose=2 pyruvate= 2(2 co2)

123
Q
A

alevel biology ocr (26 decks)

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