chapter 10- classification and phylogeny Flashcards by Jodie Hancock

what is the order of hierarchy

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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All living organisms have evolved from a universal

ancestor

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species only contain how many types of organisms

1 type of organism

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what is the mnemonic for hierarchy

keep ponds clean or fish get sick

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species definition

a group of individual organisms whose members are able to INTERBREED FREELEY to produce FERTILE viable OFFSPRING that can survive on its own

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why do hybrids end up infertile

because different species have different numbers of chromosomes and so the hybrid will have an odd number of chromosomes and so meiosis cannot occur

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who came up with hierarchical classification system

carolus linnaeus

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what is the hierarchy

when organisms are classified into large groups which are then subdivided into increasingly smaller groups.

This means we group organisms from the most general (kingdom) to the most specific (species).

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why was the hierarchal system invented (3)
to find…
easier….
predict….

to find evolutionary links
easier identification of species
predict characteristics

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how are binomial names written

typed: in italics
written: has to be underlined

genus with a capital letter
then
species with a lower case letter

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why was binomial nomenclature introduced: allows identification and comparison of ….. based on

organisms based on recognised characteristics

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why was binomial nomenclature introduced: allows organisms to be….

globally recognised as they are worded by the same scheme so confusion is limited

binomial names have universal acceptance

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why was binomial nomenclature introduced: can show how closely related organisms are allowing for….

the prediction of evolutionary links

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why was binomial nomenclature introduced: makes it easier to collect,

collect, sort and group information about organisms

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What term describes the scientific system of naming, describing and organising living things into hierarchical groups?

taxonomy

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What term describes the sorting of living things into taxonomic groups based on similar features?

classification

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what are the 5 kingdoms

animalia
plantae
fungi
prokaryotae
protoctista

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what are the three domains

archaea, bacteria and eukarya

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What two pieces of evidence led to the new three domain classification system?

they have different sized ribosomes and different types of RNA

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Under the three domain system, the Prokaryotae are divided into two kingdoms. What are these two kingdoms called?

eubacteria and Archaebacteria

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define classification: process of …… based on

the process of placing organisms into groups based on similarities or differences

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suggest what criteria a taxonomist may take into account when classifying a new species

morphology/observable features/anatomy eg cell features

biochemistry/cytochrome C eg cell wall components

genes/DNA/RNA/genetics (NOT CHROMOSOMES)

idea of shared evolutionary past/phylogeny

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cellular category for animalia

multicellular

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cellular category for plantae

multicellularc

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cellular category for fungi

multicellular or unicellular (yeast)

cellular category for prokaryote

unicellular

cellular category for protoctista

mainly unicellular

example of animalia

cats

example of plantae

oak tree

example of fungi

yeasts, moulds, mushroom

example of prokaryote

bacteria eg staphylococcus aureus

example of protoctista

amoeba

movement of animalia

cilia, flagella, contractile motor proteins (including muscles)

movement of plantae

most do not move although gametes of some move using cilia or flagella

movement of fungi

no mechanics of locomotion

movement of prokaryote

some have flagella

movement of protoctista

some are sessile some move by cilia or flagella or ameoboid mechanisms like psuedopod

nutrition of animalia

heterotrophic feeders stored as glycogen

what does heterotrophic mean

nutrition acquired by ingestion

what does autotrophic mean

nutrition acquired by photosynthesis

nutrition of plantae

AUTOTROPHIC store food as starch

nutrition of fungi

HETEROTROPHIC acquired by absorbtion eg from decaying material some are saprophytic feeders some are parasitic

what does saprophytic mean

extracellular digestion by release of digestive enzymes

nutrition of prokaryotes

HETEROTROPHIC AND AUTOTROPHIC no visible feeding mechanisms, nutrients are absorbed through the cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis

nutrition of protoctista

acquired by photosynthesis-autotrophic ingestionof other organisms-hetrotrophic or both or parasictic

animalia cell wall?

plantae cell wall?

yes- made of cellulose

fungi cell wall?

yes-made of chitin

prokaryote cell wall?

yes made of peptidoglycan (usually)

protoctista cell wall?

some have cell walls and theyre likely made to be made of cellulose

key organelles of animalia

they HAVE membrane bound organelles, all key ones except chloroplasta

plantae key organelles

HAVE membrane bound organelles they have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll

fungi organelles

they HAVE membrane bound organelles but no chloroplasts or chlorophyll

prokaryote organelles

no membrane bound organelles, small ribosomes only

dna of animalia

have a nucleus

organelles of protoctista

HAVE membrane bound organelles eg algae have chloroplasts

dna of plantae

have a nucleus

dna of fungi

have a nucleus

dna of prokaryotes

no nucleus, they have a ring of "naked" dna

protoctista dna

they have a nucleus

What two pieces of evidence led to the new three domain classification system?

the domains have different sized ribosomes and different types of rRNA

In addition to anatomical features, the modern classification system is based on comparing which three additional features of organisms?

DNA, RNA and proteins.

Under the three domain system, the Prokaryotae are divided into two groups. What are these two groups called?

archaebacteria and eubacteria

phylogeny def the study of...

the study of the evolutionary relationship between organisms and how closely they are related.

how is phylogeny seen/displayed

in a phylogeny tree

what is taxonomy

the study of the principals behind the classification of organisms, according to their observable features or genetic characteristics the system of classifying organisms according to their observable features or genetic characteristics.

what is phylogenetic classification

the differentiation of organisms based of genetics, organisms that share a greater level of homology in theire dna or aa sequences are expected to be more closely related

an unknown species is discovered, its cells contain many nuclei scattered throughout the cytoplasm of thread-like structures, which kingdom does this species belong to

fungi

the kingdom of prokaryote is split into

eubacteria and archaebacteria

which domain of prokaryote has a cell wall made out of peptidoglycan

eubacteria

what was the traditional 5 kingdom system

monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia

what are the similarites between all 3 domains

they are all/have cells that have DNA/RNA, a cell surface membrane, ribosomes and a cytoplasm

what is different about eukarya compared to the other 2 domains

they have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

what is different about eubacteria compared to the other 2 domains

they have a cell wall made out of peptidoglycan

what is similar about eubacteria and eukarya

they have the same plasma membrane structure (phospholipid bilayer)

what is different about archae compared to the other 2 domains

they live in harsh nd extreme environments (extremophiles) and so their membrane differes to cope with that (branches hydrocarbons on their phospholipids=phospholipid monolayer)

what is similar between eukarya and archaea

no peptidoglycan histones associated with dna growth not inhibited by antibiotics multiple types of rna polymerase

which domain/somes species in a domain can be killed by antibiotics

eubacteria because of the peptidoglycan cell wall

which domain can consist of pathogenic forms of bacteria

eubacteria

what initially was observed that created a change to the classification system

studied RNA of microbes

methionine is the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis for which domains

archaea and eukarya

organsisms in each domain have diffferent forms of..... and ...

forms of rRNA and different ribosomes

compare the ribosomes in the domains

eukarya- 80S archaea- 70S eubacteria- 70S

compare the rRNA for the domains

eukarya- RNA polymerase (for mRNA transcritpion) contains 12 proteins archaea- RNA polymerase 8-10 proteins eubacteria- RNA polymerase of 5 proteins

Name three main sources of evidence for evolution.

fossils, comparative anatomy, molecular biology

What is the name of the mechanism by which evolution occurs

natural selection

are characteristics written on the phylogenetic tree

what process occurs on the branches of phylogenetic trees

specialisation

describe the relationship between classification and phylogeny

modern classification reflects phylogeny

a statement about phylogeny

homo sapiens and pan bonobo share a common ancestor

in a question asking to describe a phylogenetic tree and the relationship between the organisms on it what can you comment on

less/least/more/most closely related to each other most recent common ancestor between some/common ancestor between all

are protoctisa more or less complicated than archaea and bacteria

reasons why classification systems are not universally and why they change over time

scientific knowledge changes as new discoveries are made tech developments show new discoveries

describe the difference between a classifciation system based on domains and one based on kingdoms

the 3 domains are.... the 5 kingdoms are..... all eukaruortes are in the same domain and then split into different kingdoms all prokaryotes are in the same kingdom/different domains domain classification is based on rRNA/ribosomes

how can research be validated

peer reviews at scientific meetings repeatablilty supporting evidence reproduceabilty: replication of work by others in order to obtain the same results

"they have a nucleus"should also say

they are eukaryotic

suggest how info obtained by dna analysis can be useful to taxonomists

they can compare dna/base sequences/genes to look for similarities and differences to put organisms into groups/taxons

state 2 types of evidence other than biochemistry/genetics that are used by taxnomists when classifying organisms

fossil record embryology physiology/behaviour

there is dna evidence of how organisms are related to each other , this evidence has helped biologists to construct a second classification viewpoint: the domain system explain what such developments show about the nature of scientific knowledge (1)

scientific knowledge advances/improves/grows