chapter 10- classification and phylogeny Flashcards
what is the order of hierarchy
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
All living organisms have evolved from a universal
ancestor
species only contain how many types of organisms
1 type of organism
what is the mnemonic for hierarchy
keep ponds clean or fish get sick
species definition
a group of individual organisms whose members are able to INTERBREED FREELEY to produce FERTILE viable OFFSPRING that can survive on its own
why do hybrids end up infertile
because different species have different numbers of chromosomes and so the hybrid will have an odd number of chromosomes and so meiosis cannot occur
who came up with hierarchical classification system
carolus linnaeus
what is the hierarchy
when organisms are classified into large groups which are then subdivided into increasingly smaller groups.
This means we group organisms from the most general (kingdom) to the most specific (species).
why was the hierarchal system invented (3)
to find…
easier….
predict….
to find evolutionary links
easier identification of species
predict characteristics
how are binomial names written
typed: in italics
written: has to be underlined
genus with a capital letter
then
species with a lower case letter
why was binomial nomenclature introduced: allows identification and comparison of ….. based on
organisms based on recognised characteristics
why was binomial nomenclature introduced: allows organisms to be….
globally recognised as they are worded by the same scheme so confusion is limited
binomial names have universal acceptance
why was binomial nomenclature introduced: can show how closely related organisms are allowing for….
the prediction of evolutionary links
why was binomial nomenclature introduced: makes it easier to collect,
collect, sort and group information about organisms
What term describes the scientific system of naming, describing and organising living things into hierarchical groups?
taxonomy
What term describes the sorting of living things into taxonomic groups based on similar features?
classification
what are the 5 kingdoms
animalia
plantae
fungi
prokaryotae
protoctista
what are the three domains
archaea, bacteria and eukarya
What two pieces of evidence led to the new three domain classification system?
they have different sized ribosomes and different types of RNA
Under the three domain system, the Prokaryotae are divided into two kingdoms. What are these two kingdoms called?
eubacteria and Archaebacteria
define classification: process of …… based on
the process of placing organisms into groups based on similarities or differences
suggest what criteria a taxonomist may take into account when classifying a new species
morphology/observable features/anatomy eg cell features
biochemistry/cytochrome C eg cell wall components
genes/DNA/RNA/genetics (NOT CHROMOSOMES)
idea of shared evolutionary past/phylogeny
cellular category for animalia
multicellular
cellular category for plantae
multicellularc
cellular category for fungi
multicellular or unicellular (yeast)
cellular category for prokaryote
unicellular
cellular category for protoctista
mainly unicellular
example of animalia
cats
example of plantae
oak tree
example of fungi
yeasts, moulds, mushroom
example of prokaryote
bacteria eg staphylococcus aureus
example of protoctista
amoeba
movement of animalia
cilia, flagella, contractile motor proteins (including muscles)
movement of plantae
most do not move although gametes of some move using cilia or flagella
movement of fungi
no mechanics of locomotion
movement of prokaryote
some have flagella
movement of protoctista
some are sessile
some move by cilia or flagella or ameoboid mechanisms like psuedopod
nutrition of animalia
heterotrophic feeders
stored as glycogen
what does heterotrophic mean
nutrition acquired by ingestion
what does autotrophic mean
nutrition acquired by photosynthesis
nutrition of plantae
AUTOTROPHIC
store food as starch
nutrition of fungi
HETEROTROPHIC
acquired by absorbtion eg from decaying material
some are saprophytic feeders
some are parasitic
what does saprophytic mean
extracellular digestion by release of digestive enzymes
nutrition of prokaryotes
HETEROTROPHIC AND AUTOTROPHIC
no visible feeding mechanisms, nutrients are absorbed through the cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis
nutrition of protoctista
acquired by photosynthesis-autotrophic
ingestionof other organisms-hetrotrophic
or both or parasictic
animalia cell wall?
no
plantae cell wall?
yes- made of cellulose
fungi cell wall?
yes-made of chitin
prokaryote cell wall?
yes made of peptidoglycan (usually)
protoctista cell wall?
some have cell walls and theyre likely made to be made of cellulose
key organelles of animalia
they HAVE membrane bound organelles, all key ones except chloroplasta
plantae key organelles
HAVE membrane bound organelles they have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll
fungi organelles
they HAVE membrane bound organelles but no chloroplasts or chlorophyll
prokaryote organelles
no membrane bound organelles, small ribosomes only
dna of animalia
have a nucleus
organelles of protoctista
HAVE membrane bound organelles
eg algae have chloroplasts
dna of plantae
have a nucleus
dna of fungi
have a nucleus
dna of prokaryotes
no nucleus, they have a ring of “naked” dna
protoctista dna
they have a nucleus
What two pieces of evidence led to the new three domain classification system?
the domains have different sized ribosomes and different types of rRNA
In addition to anatomical features, the modern classification system is based on comparing which three additional features of organisms?
DNA, RNA and proteins.
Under the three domain system, the Prokaryotae are divided into two groups. What are these two groups called?
archaebacteria and eubacteria
phylogeny def
the study of…
the study of the evolutionary relationship between organisms and how closely they are related.
how is phylogeny seen/displayed
in a phylogeny tree
what is taxonomy
the study of the principals behind the classification of organisms, according to their observable features or genetic characteristics
the system of classifying organisms according to their observable features or genetic characteristics.
what is phylogenetic classification
the differentiation of organisms based of genetics, organisms that share a greater level of homology in theire dna or aa sequences are expected to be more closely related
an unknown species is discovered, its cells contain many nuclei scattered throughout the cytoplasm of thread-like structures, which kingdom does this species belong to
fungi
the kingdom of prokaryote is split into
eubacteria and archaebacteria
which domain of prokaryote has a cell wall made out of peptidoglycan
eubacteria
what was the traditional 5 kingdom system
monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia
what are the similarites between all 3 domains
they are all/have cells that have DNA/RNA, a cell surface membrane, ribosomes and a cytoplasm
what is different about eukarya compared to the other 2 domains
they have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
what is different about eubacteria compared to the other 2 domains
they have a cell wall made out of peptidoglycan
what is similar about eubacteria and eukarya
they have the same plasma membrane structure (phospholipid bilayer)
what is different about archae compared to the other 2 domains
they live in harsh nd extreme environments (extremophiles) and so their membrane differes to cope with that (branches hydrocarbons on their phospholipids=phospholipid monolayer)
what is similar between eukarya and archaea
no peptidoglycan
histones associated with dna
growth not inhibited by antibiotics
multiple types of rna polymerase
which domain/somes species in a domain can be killed by antibiotics
eubacteria because of the peptidoglycan cell wall
which domain can consist of pathogenic forms of bacteria
eubacteria
what initially was observed that created a change to the classification system
studied RNA of microbes
methionine is the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis for which domains
archaea and eukarya
organsisms in each domain have diffferent forms of….. and …
forms of rRNA and different ribosomes
compare the ribosomes in the domains
eukarya- 80S
archaea- 70S
eubacteria- 70S
compare the rRNA for the domains
eukarya- RNA polymerase (for mRNA transcritpion) contains 12 proteins
archaea- RNA polymerase 8-10 proteins
eubacteria- RNA polymerase of 5 proteins
Name three main sources of evidence for evolution.
fossils, comparative anatomy, molecular biology
What is the name of the mechanism by which evolution occurs
natural selection
are characteristics written on the phylogenetic tree
no
what process occurs on the branches of phylogenetic trees
specialisation
describe the relationship between classification and phylogeny
modern classification reflects phylogeny
a statement about phylogeny
homo sapiens and pan bonobo share a common ancestor
in a question asking to describe a phylogenetic tree and the relationship between the organisms on it what can you comment on
less/least/more/most closely related to each other
most recent common ancestor between some/common ancestor between all
are protoctisa more or less complicated than archaea and bacteria
more
reasons why classification systems are not universally and why they change over time
scientific knowledge changes as new discoveries are made
tech developments show new discoveries
describe the difference between a classifciation system based on domains and one based on kingdoms
the 3 domains are….
the 5 kingdoms are…..
all eukaruortes are in the same domain and then split into different kingdoms
all prokaryotes are in the same kingdom/different domains
domain classification is based on rRNA/ribosomes
how can research be validated
peer reviews
at scientific meetings
repeatablilty
supporting evidence
reproduceabilty: replication of work by others in order to obtain the same results
“they have a nucleus”should also say
they are eukaryotic
suggest how info obtained by dna analysis can be useful to taxonomists
they can compare dna/base sequences/genes to look for similarities and differences to put organisms into groups/taxons
state 2 types of evidence other than biochemistry/genetics that are used by taxnomists when classifying organisms
fossil record
embryology
physiology/behaviour
there is dna evidence of how organisms are related to each other , this evidence has helped biologists to construct a second classification viewpoint: the domain system
explain what such developments show about the nature of scientific knowledge (1)
scientific knowledge advances/improves/grows
