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alevel biology ocr > chapter 10- classification and phylogeny > Flashcards

chapter 10- classification and phylogeny Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the order of hierarchy

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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2
Q

species only contain how many types of organisms

A

1 type of organism

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3
Q

what is the mnemonic for hierarchy

A

keep ponds clean or fish get sick

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4
Q

species definition

A

a group of individual organisms whose members are able to INTERBREED FREELEY to produce FERTILE viable OFFSPRING that can survive on its own

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5
Q

why do hybrids end up infertile

A

because different species have different numbers of chromosomes and so the hybrid will have an odd number of chromosomes and so meiosis cannot occur

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6
Q

who came up with hierarchical classification system

A

carolus linnaeus

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7
Q

what is the hierarchy

A

when organisms are classificied into large groups which are then subdivided into increasingly smaller groups.

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8
Q

why was the hierarchal system invented (3)
to find…
easier….
predict….

A

to find evolutionary links
easier identification of species
predict characteristics

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9
Q

how are binomial names written

A

typed: in italics
written: has to be underlined

genus with a capital letter
then
species with a lower case letter

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10
Q

why was binomial nomenclature introduced: allows identification and comparison of ….. based on

A

organisms based on recognised characteristics

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11
Q

why was binomial nomenclature introduced: allows organisms to be….

A

globally recognised as they are worded by the same scheme so confusion is limited

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12
Q

why was binomial nomenclature introduced: can show how closely related organisms are allowing for….

A

the prediction of evolutionary links

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13
Q

why was binomial nomenclature introduced: makes it easier to collect…

A

collect, sort and group information about organisms

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14
Q

What term describes the scientific system of naming, describing and organising living things into hierarchical groups?

A

taxonomy

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15
Q

What term describes the sorting of living things into taxonomic groups based on similar features?

A

classification

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16
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms

A

animalia
plantae
fungi
prokaryotae
protoctista

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17
Q

what are the three domains

A

archaea, bacteria and eukarya

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18
Q

What two pieces of evidence led to the new three domain classification system?

A

they have different sized ribosomes and different types of RNA

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19
Q

Under the three domain system, the Prokaryotae are divided into two groups. What are these two groups called?

A

eubacteria and Archaebacteria

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20
Q

define classification: process of …… based on

A

the process of placing organisms into groups based on similarities or differences

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21
Q

suggest what criteria a taxonomist may take into account when classifying a new species

A

morphology/observable features/anatomy eg cell features

biochemistry/cytochrome C eg cell wall components

genes/DNA/RNA/genetics (NOT CHROMOSOMES)

idea of shared evolutionary past/phylogeny

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22
Q

cellular category for animalia

A

multicellular

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23
Q

cellular category for plantae

A

multicellularc

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24
Q

cellular category for fungi

A

multicellular or unicellular (yeast)

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25
Q

cellular category for prokaryote

A

unicellular

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26
Q

cellular category for protoctista

A

mainly unicellular

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27
Q

example of animalia

A

cats

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28
Q

example of plantae

A

oak tree

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29
Q

example of fungi

A

yeasts, moulds, mushroom

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30
Q

example of prokaryote

A

bacteria eg staphylococcus aureus

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31
Q

example of protoctista

A

amoeba

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32
Q

movement of animalia

A

cilia, flagella, contractile motor proteins (including muscles)

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33
Q

movement of plantae

A

most do not move although gametes of some move using cilia or flagella

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34
Q

movement of fungi

A

no mechanics of locomotion

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35
Q

movement of prokaryote

A

some have flagella

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36
Q

movement of protoctista

A

some are sessile
some move by cilia or flagella or ameoboid mechanisms like psuedopod

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37
Q

nutrition of animalia

A

heterotrophic feeders
stored as glycogen

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38
Q

what does heterotrophic mean

A

nutrition acquired by ingestion

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39
Q

what does autotrophic mean

A

nutrition acquired by photosynthesis

40
Q

nutrition of plantae

A

AUTOTROPHIC
store food as starch

41
Q

nutrition of fungi

A

HETEROTROPHIC
acquired by absorbtion eg from decaying material

some are saprophytic feeders
some are parasitic

42
Q

what does saprophytic mean

A

extracellular digestion by release of digestive enzymes

43
Q

nutrition of prokaryotes

A

HETEROTROPHIC AND AUTOTROPHIC
no visible feeding mechanisms, nutrients are absorbed through the cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis

44
Q

nutrition of protoctista

A

acquired by photosynthesis-autotrophic
ingestionof other organisms-hetrotrophic

or both or parasictic

45
Q

animalia cell wall?

A

no

46
Q

plantae cell wall?

A

yes- made of cellulose

47
Q

fungi cell wall?

A

yes-made of chitin

48
Q

prokaryote cell wall?

A

yes made of peptidoglycan (usually)

49
Q

protoctista cellwall?

A

some have cell walls and theyre likely made to be made of cellulose

50
Q

key organelles of animalia

A

they HAVE membrane bound organelles, all key ones except chloroplasta

51
Q

plantae key organelles

A

HAVE membrane bound organelles they have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll

52
Q

fungi organelles

A

they HAVE membrane bound organelles but no chloroplasts or chlorophyll

53
Q

prokaryote organelles

A

no membrane bound organelles, small ribosomes only

54
Q

dna of animalia

A

have a nucleus

55
Q

organelles of protoctista

A

HAVE membrane bound organelles
eg algae have chloroplasts

56
Q

dna of plantae

A

have a nucleus

57
Q

dna of fungi

A

have a nucleus

58
Q

dna of prokaryotes

A

no nucleus, they have a ring of “naked” dna

59
Q

protoctista dna

A

they have a nucleus

60
Q

What two pieces of evidence led to the new three domain classification system?

A

the domains have different sized ribosomes and different types of rRNA

61
Q

Under the three domain system, the Prokaryotae are divided into two groups. What are these two groups called?

A

archaebacteria and eubacteria

62
Q

phylogeny def
the study of…

A

the study of the evolutionary relationship between organisms and how closely they are related.

63
Q

how is phylogeny seen/displayed

A

in a phylogeny tree

64
Q

what is taxonomy

A

the study of the principals behind the classification of organisms, according to their observable features or genetic characteristics

the system of classifying organisms according to their observable features or genetic characteristics.

65
Q

what is phylogenetic classification

A

the differentiation of organisms based of genetics, organisms that share a greater level of homology in theire dna or aa sequences are expected to be more closely related

66
Q

an unknown species is discovered, its cells contain many nuclei scattered throughout the cytoplasm of thread-like structures, which kingdom does this species belong to

A

fungi

67
Q

the kingdom of prokaryote is split into

A

eubacteria and archaebacteria

68
Q

which domain of prokaryote has a cell wall made out of peptidoglycan

A

eubacteria

69
Q

what was the traditional 5 kingdom system

A

monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia

70
Q

what are the similarites between all 3 domains

A

they are all/have cells that have DNA/RNA, a cell surface membrane, ribosomes and a cytoplasm

71
Q

what is different about eukarya compared to the other 2 domains

A

they have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

72
Q

what is different about eubacteria compared to the other 2 domains

A

they have a cell wall made out of peptidoglycan

73
Q

what is similar about eubacteria and eukarya

A

they have the same plasma membrane structure (phospholipid bilayer)

74
Q

what is different about archae compared to the other 2 domains

A

they live in harsh nd extreme environments (extremophiles) and so their membrane differes to cope with that (branches hydrocarbons on their phospholipids=phospholipid monolayer)

75
Q

what is similar between eukarya and archaea

A

no peptidoglycan
histones associated with dna
growth not inhibited by antibiotics
multiple types of rna polymerase

76
Q

which domain/somes species in a domain can be killed by antibiotics

A

eubacteria because of the peptidoglycan cell wall

77
Q

which domain can consist of pathogenic forms of bacteria

A

eubacteria

78
Q

what initially was observed that created a change to the classification system

A

studied RNA of microbes

79
Q

methionine is the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis for which domains

A

archaea and eukarya

80
Q

organsisms in each domain have diffferent forms of….. and …

A

forms of rRNA and different ribosomes

81
Q

compare the ribosomes in the domains

A

eukarya- 80S
archaea- 70S
eubacteria- 70S

82
Q

compare the rRNA for the domains

A

eukarya- RNA polymerase (for mRNA transcritpion) contains 12 proteins
archaea- RNA polymerase 8-10 proteins
eubacteria- RNA polymerase of 5 proteins

83
Q

Name three main sources of evidence for evolution.

A

fossils, comparative anatomy, molecular biology

84
Q

What is the name of the mechanism by which evolution occurs

A

natural selection

85
Q

are characteristics written on the phylogenetic tree

A

no

86
Q

what occurs on the branches of phylogenetic trees

A

specialisation

87
Q

describe the relationship between classification and phylogeny

A

modern classification reflects phylogeny

88
Q

a statement about phylogeny

A

homo sapiens and pan bonobo share a common ancestor

89
Q

in a question asking to describe a phylogenetic tree and the relationship between the organisms on it what can you comment on

A

less/least/more/most closely related to each other
most recent common ancestor between some/common ancestor between all

90
Q

are protoctisa more or less complicated than archaea and bacteria

A

more

91
Q

reasons why classification systems are not universally and why they change over time

A

scientific knowledge changes as new discoveries are made

tech developments show new discoveries

92
Q

describe the difference between a classifciation system based on domains and one based on kingdoms

A

the 3 domains are….
the 5 kingdoms are…..
all eukaruortes are in the same domain and then split into different kingdoms
all prokaryotes are in the same kingdom/different domains

domain classification is based on rRNA/ribosomes

93
Q

how can research be validated

A

peer reviews
at scientific meetings
repeatablilty
supporting evidence
reproduceabilty: replication of work by others in order to obtain the same results

94
Q

“they have a nucleus”should also say

A

they are eukaryotic

95
Q

suggest how info obtained by dna analysis can be useful to taxonomists

A

they can compare dna/base sequences/genes to look for similarities and differences to put organisms into groups/taxons

96
Q

state 2 types of evidence other than biochemistry/genetics that are used by taxnomists when classifying organisms

A

fossil record
embryology
physiology/behaviour

alevel biology ocr (26 decks)

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