Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > CHAPTER11 - LANGUAGE > Flashcards

CHAPTER11 - LANGUAGE Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

define language

A

a system of communication using sounds or symbols enabling expression of feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

do humans or animals have a wide variety of signals to be combined in COUNTLESS ways?

A

humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

animals use language on for what basis?

A

survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

humans language is seen as more ____

A

creativity-based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what 2 kinds of nature allow us to create new and unique sentences?

A

hierarchical and rule-based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the hierarchical nature of language

A

consisting of small components that can be combined to form larger units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe the rule-based nature of language

A

components in language can be arranged in certain ways but not others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why is language considered to be universal?

A

it occurs wherever there are people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

who were the Greek philosophers that studied language?

A

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Paul Broca said that damage in the _____ imapirs _____

A

frontal lobe; speech production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Carl Wrenkie said that damage in the _____ impairs ____

A

temporal lobe; speech comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what did B.F Skinner propose?

A

language is learned through reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe Skinner’s behaviourist view on language and children

A

children learn language by being rewarded for correct usage and punished for incorrect usage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

who disagreed with the behaviourist theory of language?

A

Noam Chomsky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what did Noam Chomsky propose?

A

humans are preprogrammed to acquire and use language through genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why did Noam Chomsky propose this over Skinner’s theory?

A

children produce sentences that are not reinforced or taught which goes against Skinner’s theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is psycholinguistics?

A

the field concerned with the psychological study of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the goal of a psycholinguistic scholar?

A

discover the psychological processes humans use to acquire and process language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 4 concerns of psycholinguistics?

A

comprehension
representation
speech production
acquisition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is comprehension in psycholinguistics?

A

how people understand and process words and sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is representation in psycholinguistics?

A

how language is represented, grouped, and connected in the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is speech production in psycholinguistics?

A

how people mentally and physically produce language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is acquisition in psycholinguistics?

A

how people learn their own language and additional ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a lexicon?

A

all the words we know

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does a lexicon serve as?

A

a mental dictionary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are semantics?

A

the meaning of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are lexical semantics?

A

the meanings of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is word frequency?

A

the frequency with which a word appears in a language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the word frequency effect?

A

when people respond faster to high-frequency words rather than low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how does word frequency affect us in language?

A

influences how we process a word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how can someone demonstrate the word fluency effect?

A

lexical decision task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the lexical decision task?

A

deciding as quickly as possible whether a string of letters are words or nonwords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

who demonstrated slower responses for low frequency words by measuring eye movements + fixation durations?

A

Keith Rayner and Susan Duffy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

describe the task Rayner and Duffy’s participants had to do

A

reading a sentences with combinations of high and low frequency words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what did Rayner and Duffy observe in their experiment?

A

longer fixation periods for sentences containing a low frequency word

total gaze duration was also longer for a sentence with a low frequency word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what did Rayner and Duffy conclude about the frequency word effect?

A

people need more time to access the meaning of low frequency words

it demonstrates how past experience with words influences our ability to access their meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

do people pronounce words the exact same? what effects are there?

A

no

accents, speed, slang, phonemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what aids our ability to understand what someone is saying when they don’t talk the same way you do?

A

context within which a word appears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Irwin Pollack and J.M Pickett showed words are harder to understand when…

A

they’re taken out of context and presented alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

how did Pollack and Pickett demonstrate context influence?

A

presented recordings of participants’ conversations with single words taken out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what did Pollack and Pickett observe?

A

that participants can only identify half of the words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what did Pollack and Pickett conclude?

A

the ability to perceive words in a conversation is aided by the context provided by words and sentences making up the conversation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

who found that infants are sensitive to statistical regularities in speech signal?

A

Jennifer Saffran

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are the statistical regularities that Saffran used?

A

how different sounds follow one another in a language and how knowing these regularities help infants achieve speech segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is speech segmentation?

A

perception of individual words even though there are no pauses between words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

knowing that ty follows pret- in the word pretty is an example of …

A

speech segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what aids speech segentation?

A

knowledge of the meanings of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what 4 things affect our ability to understand spoken words ?

A
  1. how frequently we have encountered a word in the past
  2. the context in which a word appears
  3. our knowledge of statistical regularities of our language
  4. our knowledge of word meanings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is lexical ambiguity?

A

when words have more meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what solely aids understanding a word when lexical ambiguity occurs?

A

context within which a word appears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

who showed people briefly access multiple meanings of ambiguous words before the effect of context comes into play?

A

Michael Tanenhaus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what technique did Tanenhaus use in his ambiguity experiement?

A

lexical priming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is lexical priming and how did Tanenhaus use it?

A

priming that involves the meaning of words

reading a sentence with a target word followed by a probe stimulus word with a similar meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what were and describe Tanenhaus’ 2 conditions in his ambiguity experiment?

A

the noun-noun condition: target word is a noun and probe stimulus is a noun

  1. verb-noun condition: target word is a verb and probe stimulus is a noun
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what was the task of Tanenhaus’ experiment?

A

reading the probe stimulus word as fast as possible

56
Q

time between the end of the sentence (w/target word) and saying the probe stimulus word was _____ in Tanenhaus’s experiment?

A

reaction time

57
Q

In Tanenhaus’ experiment, when priming of the word occurred reaction times were..

A

faster

58
Q

what did Tanenhaus propose occurs when priming occurs?

A

all the ambiguous meanings of a word are activated immediately after a word is heard

59
Q

what did Tanenhaus find comes to play when there’s a delay between the target word and stimulus probe?

A

context influence - where meanings are accessed

60
Q

what is meaning dominance?

A

the relative frequency of the meaning of ambiguous words

61
Q

what is biased dmoninance?

A

when one meaning of a word occurs more often than another

62
Q

what is balanced dominance?

A

when one meaning and another meaning are equally as likely to occur

63
Q

sentences creating context enable (3).. the ability to

A
  1. deal with the variability of word pronunciations
  2. perceive individual words in a continuous stream of speech
  3. determine the meaning of ambiguous words
64
Q

what does determining the meaning of a sentence require considerations of?

A

syntax and parsing

65
Q

what is syntax?

A

the structure of a sentence and discovering cues that language provides showing how words in a sentence relate to one another

66
Q

what is parsing?

A

how meaning is created by the grouping of words in phrases

67
Q

what are mental pyrotechnics?

A

involves understanding each word as it occurs and parsing words into phrases

68
Q

what are garden path sentences?

A

when a sentence starts appearing to mean one thing but ends up meaning something else

69
Q

what is temporary ambiguity?

A

when the first organization is adopted/understood, error realization occurs, and shifts to the correct organization of a sentence

70
Q

what is the garden path model of parsing?

A

states that as people read a sentence their grouping of words into phrases is governed by heuristics

71
Q

what are heuristics?

A

a rule that can be applied rapidly when making a decision

72
Q

heuristics can lead to …

A

the wrong decision and then reconsideration of the initial parse to make appropriate corrections

73
Q

what is the principle of late closure?

A

states that when a person encounters a new word, the person’ s parsing mechanism assumes this word is part of the current phrase

74
Q

initially assuming “the cat examined .. “ is part of the current phrase in “the cat examined by the doctor” is an example of

A

the principle of late closure

75
Q

what is the constraint-based approach to parsing:

A

the idea that information in addition to syntax participates in processing when a person reads/hears a sentence

76
Q

how does the constraint-based approach to parsing work?

A

information of words in a sentence and context within each sentence can lead to predictions about how the sentence should be parsed

77
Q

what technique did Michael Tanenhaus come up with when determining how scene information can influence sentence processing ?

A

visual world paradigm

78
Q

what is non-linguistic information?

A

information provided by the scene

79
Q

what is subject-related construction?

A

when a person/thing is exposed more in a sentence and has pronouns that follow them/it with a verb

80
Q

what is object-related construction?

A

when a person/thing is not followed by a pronoun and verb

81
Q

what do object-related constructions require more of?

A

the reader’s memory

82
Q

what are examples of pronouns that are useful and aids the idea of subject-related construction?

A

who, which, and that

83
Q

when are predictions helpful when dealing with a rapid pace of language?

A

when the language is degraded by noise or poor connection

84
Q

who demonstrated participants making predictions by measuring eye movements while reading sentences?

A

Garry Altmann and Yuki Kamide

85
Q

what were participants instructed to do in Altmann and Kamide’s experiment?

A

indicate whether the sentence heard can be applied to the objects in pictures shown

86
Q

what did Altmann and Kamide conclude?

A

specific words can lead to the prediction that a certain word will be next

87
Q

when looking a picture of a ball and cake and presented with the phrase the boy will eat.. what picture will someone look at faster?

A

the cake picture

88
Q

when looking a picture of a ball and cake and presented with the phrase the boy will move.. what picture will someone look at faster?

A

the ball picture

89
Q

how does someone create an understandable story when reading?

A

using the relationships between sentences

90
Q

what are inferences?

A

determining what the text means by using knowledge to go beyond the information provided

91
Q

what is a narrative?

A

refers to texts where there is a story that progresses from one event to another

92
Q

what is coherence?

A

the representation of the text in a person’s mind that creates clear relations between parts of the text and between text parts and main story topic

93
Q

what is anaphoric inference

A

determining who is being pictured when reading a sentence

94
Q

what is instrument inference

A

determining what is being pictured when reading a sentence

95
Q

what is casual inference?

A

inferring that events in one clause were caused by events in a previous clause

96
Q

what is a situation model?

A

stimulates the perceptual and motor characteristics of the objects and actions in a story

97
Q

Robert Stanfield and Rolf Zwaan presented sentences followed by pictures and asked if the sentence matched the picture being shown, what did they measure?

A

yes or no reaction times

98
Q

what did Stanfield and Zwaan conclude?

A

people create matching perceptions to what they read/hear in their head

99
Q

who observed how knowledge about a situation is activated in the mind as one reads a story?

A

Ross Metusalem

100
Q

what did Metusalem measure in a brain activity scan?

A

N400 waves= negative response

101
Q

if a word appearing in a story is unexpected, will the N400 response be larger or smaller?

A

larger

102
Q

how did Metusalem’s experiment demonstrate a situation model?

A

the N400 wave size responses show how many things associated with a particular scenario are activated

103
Q

who used fMRI activity to link movement, action words and brain activity?

A

Olaf Hauk

104
Q

what is the most common form of language production?

A

a conversation between 2 people

105
Q

when are conversations easier?

A

when both sides bring equal knowledge of the conversation topic

106
Q

what is the given-new contract?

A

states that a speaker should construct sentences including 2 kinds of information

107
Q

what are the 2 kinds of information a speaker should use to construct the conversation according to the given-new contract?

A

given information and new information

108
Q

what is given information?

A

what the listener already knows

109
Q

what is new information?

A

what the listener will hear for the first time

110
Q

who demonstrated the consequences of not following the given-new contract?

A

Susan Haviland and Herbert Clark

111
Q

describe Haviland and Clark’s experiment

A

presdnted pairs of sentences asking participants to press a button when they understood the second sentence following the first

112
Q

what did Haviland and Clark observe?

A

it took longer for people to comprehend the second sentence when they weren’t related

113
Q

what can Clark and Haviland conclude about the consequence of not following the given-new contract?

A

people need to make inferences because information was not given before they were told the new information

114
Q

does the pair of sentences follow the given-new contract?

they pulled the beer out of the trunk.
the beer was warm.

A

yes

115
Q

what is common ground?

A

the mental knowledge and belief shared among conversational parties

116
Q

when establishing common ground, what is the referential communication task?

A

where 2 people are exchanging information in a conversation and this information involves a reference

117
Q

what is a reference?

A

identifying something by naming or describing it

118
Q

when creating common ground, what is entrainment?

A

the synchronization between the 2 partners

119
Q

what is syntactic coordination?

A

when the conversational partners can end up coordinating their grammatical constructions

120
Q

what are examples of syntactic coordinations

A

gestures, speaking rate, body positions, pronunciation

121
Q

what is syntactic priming?

A

hearing a statement with a particular syntactic construction increasing the chances that the sentence will be produced with the same construction

122
Q

who demonstrated syntactic priming in a card experiment where the participants could not see each other?

A

Holly Barnigan

123
Q

what did Holly Barnigan conclude about syntactic priming?

A

speakers are sensitive to linguistic behaviour of other speakers and adjust their behaviours to match

124
Q

what is theory of mind?

A

ability to understand what others feel, think, and believe while interpreting gestures and expressions

125
Q

what is turn taking?

A

knowing when to enter a conversation

126
Q

what is music considered?

A

the language of emotion

127
Q

how does music represent language?

A

creates emotion through sounds that have no meaning

128
Q

in language how is emotion created?

A

by prosody

129
Q

what is prosody?

A

pattern of intonation and rhythm in spoken language

130
Q

what are emojis?

A

pictographs used to indicate emotions in written language

131
Q

what is tonic?

A

how notes of a melody are organized around the note associated with the composition’s key

132
Q

when a song ends the way it started what is that called?

A

return to tonic

133
Q

what is a P600 wave?

A

a positive response wave that responds to violation of syntax

134
Q

what is Broca’s aphasia?

A

difficulty understanding sentences with complex syntax

135
Q

what is congenital amusia?

A

difficulty with musical perception such as discriminating between simple melodies or reorganizing simple tunes

PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions