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PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > CHAPTER 8 - EVERYDAY MEMORY AND MEMORY ERRORS > Flashcards

CHAPTER 8 - EVERYDAY MEMORY AND MEMORY ERRORS Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the basic property of memory?

A

memories are created by a process of construction

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2
Q

what makes up a memory?

A

what actually happened

other things that happened later

general knowledge of how things usually happen

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3
Q

what is an autobiographical memory?

A

memory for specific experiences in life

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4
Q

what components of long term memory make up an autobiographical memory?

A

episodic and semantic

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5
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of autobiographical memories?

A

multidimensional

we remember events in our lives better than others

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6
Q

what are the multidimensional components of an autobiographical memory?

A

visual, auditory, smells, taste, tactile perceptions, spatial components, emotions, thoughts

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7
Q

which multidimensional component plays an important role in autobiographical memory?

A

visual

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8
Q

what is the visual multidimensional component of an autobiographical memory?

A

what one sees when transporting back in time

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9
Q

what is the auditory multidimensional component of an autobiographical memory?

A

what people are saying and other environmental sounds

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10
Q

what is the spatial component of an autobiographical memory?

A

taking place in a 3D environment

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11
Q

who used a brain scanning study to illustrate a difference between autobiographical memory and laboratory memory?

A

Roberto Cabeza

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12
Q

In Cabeza’s experiment what were the 2 sets of photographs shown?

A

own = taken by participants

lab= taken by someone else

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13
Q

what regions in the brain were activated by own +lab photos in Cabeza’s brain scan study?

A

medial temporal lobe and parietal cortex

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14
Q

what regions of the brain were activated by own photos only in Cabeza’s brain scan study?

A

prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

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15
Q

in Cabeza’s brain scan study, what connections do the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus have to autobiographical memories?

A

prefrontal cortex: processing information about the self

hippocampus: recollection = mental time travel

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16
Q

what is the reminiscence bump?

A

enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40

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17
Q

what is the self-image hypothesis?

A

proposes memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person’s self-image or identity is formed

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18
Q

what is the cognitive hypothesis?

A

proposes that periods of rapid change that are followed by stability cause stronger encoding of memories

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19
Q

who demonstrated the reminiscence bump in an emigration study?

A

Robert Shauf and David Rubin

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20
Q

what is the cultural life script hypothesis?

A

distinguishes between all the events that have occurred in a person’s life

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21
Q

Dorthe Bernsten and David Rubin used ______ to connect it to the reminiscence bump

A

cultural life script

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22
Q

what is cultural life script?

A

culturally expected events that occur at a particular time in a life

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23
Q

events like graduating high school, going to college, or getting a first partner can be identified in a ______

A

reminiscence bump

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24
Q

what term did Jonathan Koppel and Dorthe Bertsten use to characterize the reminiscence bump?

A

youth bias

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25
Q

what is youth bias?

A

the tendency for the most notable public events in a person’s life to be perceived to occur when a person is young

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26
Q

what 2 things is emotion associated to?

A

special events/experiences people share

better memory

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27
Q

when comparing memory for arousing words vs neutral words, which had a better memory recall in LaBar and Phelps’ experiment?

A

arousing

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28
Q

when comparing memory for emotional and neutral pictures after a delay of 1 year which photos had better memory recall in Dolco’s experiment?

A

emotional pictures

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29
Q

what is the amygdala?

A

structure in the brain responsible for emotion regulation and odor perception

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30
Q

in Florin Dolco’s brain scanning study, describe the amygdala’s activity for emotional pictures

A

increased activity

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31
Q

patient BF shows no enhanced memory for emotional parts of a story, what structure in brain is damaged?

A

amygdala

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32
Q

what is emotion’s proposed role in memory?

A

triggering mechanisms in the amygdala that helps one remember events associated with emotions

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33
Q

what is memory consolidation?

A

process that strengthens memory for an experience

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34
Q

animal research shows that central nervous system stimulants administered after task training ___________

A

can enhance memory for that task

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35
Q

what is released after an emotional experience and what does it do?

A

stress hormones; increase consolidation of memory for the experience

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36
Q

Larry Cahill used what to try and consolidate memories of emotional pictures and neutral pictures?

A

ice and warm water

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37
Q

what did Larry Cahill conclude for memory of emotional pictures and not for neutral pictures?

A

cortisol enhances the memory for emotional pictures and not neutral

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38
Q

what can one conclude about hormones and memory consolidation? what link is there?

A

hormone activation occurring after an emotional experience can enhance memory consolidation in humans

link to increased amygdala activity

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39
Q

what is a flashbulb memory?

A

refers to a person’s memory for the circumstances surrounding shocking and highly-charged events

40
Q

what mechanism did Brown and Kulik use to characterize flashbulb memories?

A

Now Print

41
Q

why did Brown and Kulik characterize flashbulb memories as special?

A

they are vivid and detailed

occur under emotional circumstances and are remembered for long periods of time

42
Q

Now Print mechanism resembles a _____

A

photograph resisting fading

43
Q

why was the Now Print mechanism a poor representation of accuracy?

A

requirement for memory immediately after the event

44
Q

what is the repeated recall method?

A

determining whether memory changes over time by testing participants a number of times after an event

45
Q

in repeated recall, when is a person’s memory most accurate?

A

when it is first measured immediately after a stimulus is presented

46
Q

what does the first measurement of memory in repeated recall serve as?

A

baseline for consistency checks later on

47
Q

Ulric Neisser and Nicole Harsch’s shuttle explosion study showed…

A

TV memories become more memorable through repetition and by being a major source of news

48
Q

someone who was asked about an world-wide event immediately after it happened and again later but have different answers might have developed what kind of memory

A

TV memory

49
Q

what is the narrative rehearsal hypothesis?

A

states that we may remember events that happened not because of a mechanism but because we rehearse the events after they occur

50
Q

why do researchers express concern for the major difference in flashbulb memories and everyday memories?

A

details for flashbulb memories fade just as they do for everyday memories

51
Q

what characteristics do flashbulb memories have over everyday memories?

A

remain more vivid and accurate

52
Q

what is concluded about flashbulb memories?

A

they are both special and ordinary at the same time

53
Q

what is the constructive nature of memory?

A

what people report as memories are constructed based on what happened, knowledge, experiences, expectations

54
Q

what is source monitoring?

A

process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge, or beliefs

55
Q

what is a source monitoring error?

A

misidentifying the source of a memory

56
Q

what is source misattributions?

A

memory being attributed to the wrong source

57
Q

what is cryptomnesia?

A

unconscious plagiarism of the work of others

58
Q

who demonstrated a connection between source monitoring errors and familiarity using non-famous and famous names?

A

Larry Jacoby

59
Q

what were the 2 groups in Larry Jacoby’s Famous Over Night experiment?

A

intermediate group: no delay in stimulus presentation and testing

delayed group: tested 24 hours after presentation of stimulus

60
Q

which group in Larry Jacob’s Famous Over Night experiment correctly identified the non-famous names as non-famous?

A

intermediate group

61
Q

which group in Larry Jacob’s Famous Over Night experiment incorrectly identified the non-famous names as non-famous?

A

delayed group

62
Q

In Larry Jacob’s Famous Over Night experiment what caused the delayed group to incorrectly identify names ? what was this incorrect identification called?

A

familiarity of the names

source monitoring error

63
Q

what is the illusory truth effect?

A

enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation

64
Q

who proposed the term fluency and what is it?

A

Lisa Fazio

the ease with which a statement can be remembered

65
Q

whose experiment demonstrated how real-world knowledge affects memory?

A

Barlett’s War of Ghost

66
Q

what did Barlett use?

A

repeated reproduction

67
Q

what is repeated reproduction?

A

participants trying to remember a story at longer and longer intervals after the first reading

68
Q

what causes people to make inferences?

A

experiences and knowledge

69
Q

what is pragmatic inference?

A

occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or implied by the statement

70
Q

what is a result of pragmatic inference?

A

correct inferences about what would most likely occur but incorrect inference about what was presented

71
Q

what is a schema?

A

the knowledge about an aspect of the environment

72
Q

what causes a schema to develop?

A

experiences in different situations

73
Q

what is a script?

A

conception of the sequence of actions that usually occur during a particular experience

74
Q

how does script influence memory?

A

setting up expectations about what usually happens in a particular situation

75
Q

what is highly superior autobiographical memory?

A

impressive memory

76
Q

what does highly superior autobiographical memory lead to

A

overload of the memory system

77
Q

how does our memory system attempt to avoid overload?

A

its design allows selective memory for things that are particularly important or things that occur often

78
Q

what is the misinformation effect?

A

leading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that event later

79
Q

what is misleading post-event information?

A

information presented to be remembered after a stimulus

80
Q

how is MPI presented?

A

in a way that seems natural

81
Q

how can someone create a childhood memory?

A

using previous exposure to the so-called memory and waiting can allow acceptance that it actually happened

82
Q

what is a repressed childhood memory?

A

memories that have been pushed out of the person’s consciousness

83
Q

what is the problem with repressed childhood memories?

A

can cause psychological problems

84
Q

what can be used to receive a repressed memory?

A

hypnosis, guided imagery, strong suggestion

85
Q

what is an eyewitness testimony?

A

a testimony by someone who witnessed a crime

86
Q

what is an eyewitness testimony’s importance?

A

source of evidence providing information by people who were at the crime scene

87
Q

what 2 things induce acceptance of an eyewitness testimony?

A
  1. witness was able to see what happened

2. witness can translate their observations into a description of the perpetrator

88
Q

why are testimonies always perceived as accurate?

A

popular conception that memory works like a camera

89
Q

what affects how a person pays attention to and what they remember later?

A

emotions running high

90
Q

what is weapon focus?

A

the tendency to focus attention on a weapon that results in a narrowing of attention

91
Q

what characterizes the term familiarity in a crime scene and adds another dimension to a testimony?

A

bystanders

92
Q

how do bystanders affect identification of a perpetrator?

A

could be mistakenly identified as the person doing the crime

93
Q

Gary Wells and Amy Bradfield asked for identification of a perpetrator by giving what to participants?

A

confirming feedback
no feedback
discerning feedback

94
Q

what is post-identification feedback effect?

A

an increase in confidence on the stand due to confirming feedback after making an identification

95
Q

who is susceptible to confidence levels in a criminal justice system?

A

jurors

96
Q

what is cognitive interview?

A

involves letting a witness talk with minimum interruption and uses techniques to help witness create the situation of a crime scene

97
Q

what is the pro of cognitive interviews?

A

decreases the likelihood of suggestibility from the interviewer

PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (11 decks)

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