CHAPTER 8 - EVERYDAY MEMORY AND MEMORY ERRORS

Question 1

what is the basic property of memory?

Answer 1

memories are created by a process of construction

Question 2

what makes up a memory?

Answer 2

what actually happened

other things that happened later

general knowledge of how things usually happen

Question 3

what is an autobiographical memory?

Answer 3

memory for specific experiences in life

Question 4

what components of long term memory make up an autobiographical memory?

Answer 4

episodic and semantic

Question 5

what are the 2 characteristics of autobiographical memories?

Answer 5

multidimensional

we remember events in our lives better than others

Question 6

what are the multidimensional components of an autobiographical memory?

Answer 6

visual, auditory, smells, taste, tactile perceptions, spatial components, emotions, thoughts

Question 7

which multidimensional component plays an important role in autobiographical memory?

Answer 7

visual

Question 8

what is the visual multidimensional component of an autobiographical memory?

Answer 8

what one sees when transporting back in time

Question 9

what is the auditory multidimensional component of an autobiographical memory?

Answer 9

what people are saying and other environmental sounds

Question 10

what is the spatial component of an autobiographical memory?

Answer 10

taking place in a 3D environment

Question 11

who used a brain scanning study to illustrate a difference between autobiographical memory and laboratory memory?

Answer 11

Roberto Cabeza

Question 12

In Cabeza’s experiment what were the 2 sets of photographs shown?

Answer 12

own = taken by participants

lab= taken by someone else

Question 13

what regions in the brain were activated by own +lab photos in Cabeza’s brain scan study?

Answer 13

medial temporal lobe and parietal cortex

Question 14

what regions of the brain were activated by own photos only in Cabeza’s brain scan study?

Answer 14

prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

Question 15

in Cabeza’s brain scan study, what connections do the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus have to autobiographical memories?

Answer 15

prefrontal cortex: processing information about the self

hippocampus: recollection = mental time travel

Question 16

what is the reminiscence bump?

Answer 16

enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40

Question 17

what is the self-image hypothesis?

Answer 17

proposes memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person’s self-image or identity is formed

Question 18

what is the cognitive hypothesis?

Answer 18

proposes that periods of rapid change that are followed by stability cause stronger encoding of memories

Question 19

who demonstrated the reminiscence bump in an emigration study?

Answer 19

Robert Shauf and David Rubin

Question 20

what is the cultural life script hypothesis?

Answer 20

distinguishes between all the events that have occurred in a person’s life

Question 21

Dorthe Bernsten and David Rubin used ______ to connect it to the reminiscence bump

Answer 21

cultural life script

Question 22

what is cultural life script?

Answer 22

culturally expected events that occur at a particular time in a life

Question 23

events like graduating high school, going to college, or getting a first partner can be identified in a ______

Answer 23

reminiscence bump

Question 24

what term did Jonathan Koppel and Dorthe Bertsten use to characterize the reminiscence bump?

Answer 24

youth bias

Question 25

what is youth bias?

Answer 25

the tendency for the most notable public events in a person's life to be perceived to occur when a person is young

Question 26

what 2 things is emotion associated to?

Answer 26

special events/experiences people share better memory

Question 27

when comparing memory for arousing words vs neutral words, which had a better memory recall in LaBar and Phelps' experiment?

Answer 27

arousing

Question 28

when comparing memory for emotional and neutral pictures after a delay of 1 year which photos had better memory recall in Dolco's experiment?

Answer 28

emotional pictures

Question 29

what is the amygdala?

Answer 29

structure in the brain responsible for emotion regulation and odor perception

Question 30

in Florin Dolco's brain scanning study, describe the amygdala's activity for emotional pictures

Answer 30

increased activity

Question 31

patient BF shows no enhanced memory for emotional parts of a story, what structure in brain is damaged?

Answer 31

amygdala

Question 32

what is emotion's proposed role in memory?

Answer 32

triggering mechanisms in the amygdala that helps one remember events associated with emotions

Question 33

what is memory consolidation?

Answer 33

process that strengthens memory for an experience

Question 34

animal research shows that central nervous system stimulants administered after task training ___________

Answer 34

can enhance memory for that task

Question 35

what is released after an emotional experience and what does it do?

Answer 35

stress hormones; increase consolidation of memory for the experience

Question 36

Larry Cahill used what to try and consolidate memories of emotional pictures and neutral pictures?

Answer 36

ice and warm water

Question 37

what did Larry Cahill conclude for memory of emotional pictures and not for neutral pictures?

Answer 37

cortisol enhances the memory for emotional pictures and not neutral

Question 38

what can one conclude about hormones and memory consolidation? what link is there?

Answer 38

hormone activation occurring after an emotional experience can enhance memory consolidation in humans link to increased amygdala activity

Question 39

what is a flashbulb memory?

Answer 39

refers to a person's memory for the circumstances surrounding shocking and highly-charged events

Question 40

what mechanism did Brown and Kulik use to characterize flashbulb memories?

Answer 40

Now Print

Question 41

why did Brown and Kulik characterize flashbulb memories as special?

Answer 41

they are vivid and detailed occur under emotional circumstances and are remembered for long periods of time

Question 42

Now Print mechanism resembles a _____

Answer 42

photograph resisting fading

Question 43

why was the Now Print mechanism a poor representation of accuracy?

Answer 43

requirement for memory immediately after the event

Question 44

what is the repeated recall method?

Answer 44

determining whether memory changes over time by testing participants a number of times after an event

Question 45

in repeated recall, when is a person's memory most accurate?

Answer 45

when it is first measured immediately after a stimulus is presented

Question 46

what does the first measurement of memory in repeated recall serve as?

Answer 46

baseline for consistency checks later on

Question 47

Ulric Neisser and Nicole Harsch's shuttle explosion study showed...

Answer 47

TV memories become more memorable through repetition and by being a major source of news

Question 48

someone who was asked about an world-wide event immediately after it happened and again later but have different answers might have developed what kind of memory

Answer 48

TV memory

Question 49

what is the narrative rehearsal hypothesis?

Answer 49

states that we may remember events that happened not because of a mechanism but because we rehearse the events after they occur

Question 50

why do researchers express concern for the major difference in flashbulb memories and everyday memories?

Answer 50

details for flashbulb memories fade just as they do for everyday memories

Question 51

what characteristics do flashbulb memories have over everyday memories?

Answer 51

remain more vivid and accurate

Question 52

what is concluded about flashbulb memories?

Answer 52

they are both special and ordinary at the same time

Question 53

what is the constructive nature of memory?

Answer 53

what people report as memories are constructed based on what happened, knowledge, experiences, expectations

Question 54

what is source monitoring?

Answer 54

process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge, or beliefs

Question 55

what is a source monitoring error?

Answer 55

misidentifying the source of a memory

Question 56

what is source misattributions?

Answer 56

memory being attributed to the wrong source

Question 57

what is cryptomnesia?

Answer 57

unconscious plagiarism of the work of others

Question 58

who demonstrated a connection between source monitoring errors and familiarity using non-famous and famous names?

Answer 58

Larry Jacoby

Question 59

what were the 2 groups in Larry Jacoby's Famous Over Night experiment?

Answer 59

intermediate group: no delay in stimulus presentation and testing delayed group: tested 24 hours after presentation of stimulus

Question 60

which group in Larry Jacob's Famous Over Night experiment correctly identified the non-famous names as non-famous?

Answer 60

intermediate group

Question 61

which group in Larry Jacob's Famous Over Night experiment incorrectly identified the non-famous names as non-famous?

Answer 61

delayed group

Question 62

In Larry Jacob's Famous Over Night experiment what caused the delayed group to incorrectly identify names ? what was this incorrect identification called?

Answer 62

familiarity of the names source monitoring error

Question 63

what is the illusory truth effect?

Answer 63

enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation

Question 64

who proposed the term fluency and what is it?

Answer 64

Lisa Fazio the ease with which a statement can be remembered

Question 65

whose experiment demonstrated how real-world knowledge affects memory?

Answer 65

Barlett's War of Ghost

Question 66

what did Barlett use?

Answer 66

repeated reproduction

Question 67

what is repeated reproduction?

Answer 67

participants trying to remember a story at longer and longer intervals after the first reading

Question 68

what causes people to make inferences?

Answer 68

experiences and knowledge

Question 69

what is pragmatic inference?

Answer 69

occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or implied by the statement

Question 70

what is a result of pragmatic inference?

Answer 70

correct inferences about what would most likely occur but incorrect inference about what was presented

Question 71

what is a schema?

Answer 71

the knowledge about an aspect of the environment

Question 72

what causes a schema to develop?

Answer 72

experiences in different situations

Question 73

what is a script?

Answer 73

conception of the sequence of actions that usually occur during a particular experience

Question 74

how does script influence memory?

Answer 74

setting up expectations about what usually happens in a particular situation

Question 75

what is highly superior autobiographical memory?

Answer 75

impressive memory

Question 76

what does highly superior autobiographical memory lead to

Answer 76

overload of the memory system

Question 77

how does our memory system attempt to avoid overload?

Answer 77

its design allows selective memory for things that are particularly important or things that occur often

Question 78

what is the misinformation effect?

Answer 78

leading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that event later

Question 79

what is misleading post-event information?

Answer 79

information presented to be remembered after a stimulus

Question 80

how is MPI presented?

Answer 80

in a way that seems natural

Question 81

how can someone create a childhood memory?

Answer 81

using previous exposure to the so-called memory and waiting can allow acceptance that it actually happened

Question 82

what is a repressed childhood memory?

Answer 82

memories that have been pushed out of the person's consciousness

Question 83

what is the problem with repressed childhood memories?

Answer 83

can cause psychological problems

Question 84

what can be used to receive a repressed memory?

Answer 84

hypnosis, guided imagery, strong suggestion

Question 85

what is an eyewitness testimony?

Answer 85

a testimony by someone who witnessed a crime

Question 86

what is an eyewitness testimony's importance?

Answer 86

source of evidence providing information by people who were at the crime scene

Question 87

what 2 things induce acceptance of an eyewitness testimony?

Answer 87

1. witness was able to see what happened | 2. witness can translate their observations into a description of the perpetrator

Question 88

why are testimonies always perceived as accurate?

Answer 88

popular conception that memory works like a camera

Question 89

what affects how a person pays attention to and what they remember later?

Answer 89

emotions running high

Question 90

what is weapon focus?

Answer 90

the tendency to focus attention on a weapon that results in a narrowing of attention

Question 91

what characterizes the term familiarity in a crime scene and adds another dimension to a testimony?

Answer 91

bystanders

Question 92

how do bystanders affect identification of a perpetrator?

Answer 92

could be mistakenly identified as the person doing the crime

Question 93

Gary Wells and Amy Bradfield asked for identification of a perpetrator by giving what to participants?

Answer 93

confirming feedback no feedback discerning feedback

Question 94

what is post-identification feedback effect?

Answer 94

an increase in confidence on the stand due to confirming feedback after making an identification

Question 95

who is susceptible to confidence levels in a criminal justice system?

Answer 95

jurors

Question 96

what is cognitive interview?

Answer 96

involves letting a witness talk with minimum interruption and uses techniques to help witness create the situation of a crime scene

Question 97

what is the pro of cognitive interviews?

Answer 97

decreases the likelihood of suggestibility from the interviewer