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PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO COG. PSYCH > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO COG. PSYCH Flashcards

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1
Q

name the 6 ways memory is used

A

in memory

as a problem solver

making decisions

something valuable

normal/abnormal functioning

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2
Q

define the mind

A

creates/controls mental functions

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3
Q

name 3 mental functions the mind is associated with

A 
perception
attention
memory
emotions
language
deciding
thinking
reasoning
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4
Q

define the mind (2)

A

a system that creates representations of the world with purpose to achieve goals

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5
Q

what does the mind (2) demonstrate

A

the mind’s importance for functioning and survival

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6
Q

what 2 words does cognition come from?

A

gnosco and cogito

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7
Q

define cognition

A

the mental processes like perception, attention, and memory

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8
Q

name the 3 components of cognition (philisopical)

A

structure/representation
process
knowledge

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9
Q

define structure/representation

A

the knowledge you possess

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10
Q

define process

A

using an existing memory representation and updating/reinterpreting/creating a new one

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11
Q

define knowledge

A

personal views/experiences

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12
Q

define cognitive psychology

A

the study of mental processes including determining characteristics of the mind and its operation

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13
Q

what type of processes does cognitive psychology refer to?

A

where sensory info is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used

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14
Q

what is performance?

A

the observable behaviour used as evidence as cognition

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15
Q

who’s method is performance-based?

A

Immanuel Kant

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16
Q

who shifted emphasis from sensation/perception to integration of sensory information?

A

Diogenes of Apollonia

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17
Q

who had a theory of air used as the vehicle of cognition?

A

Greek Philosophers

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18
Q

who worked under the idea of universals and particulars?

A

Plato

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19
Q

universals vs particulars

A

universals: are the real thing being the spiritual realm
particulars: the shadows/copies of the real thing being the physical realm

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20
Q

particulars were seen as..

A

lesser representations of reality

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21
Q

who worked under Plato?

A

Aristotle

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22
Q

what did Aristotle theorize?

A

tabula rasa: people start with nothing and have to learn everything from experience

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23
Q

what would Aristotle say about universals and particulars?

A

universals are part of particulars

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24
Q

what was Aristotle’s Doctrine of Association?

A

contiguity
similarity
conrtast

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25
Q

what is contiguity?

A

the idea that things happen at the same time

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26
Q

explain similarity

A

the idea that things are alike conceptually thus are grouped together

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27
Q

explain contrast

A

things that oppose each other conceptually are still grouped together

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28
Q

who were the 1800’s psychophysicists?

A

helmholtz, fechner, weber

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29
Q

define psychophysics

A

study of the relation between the physical characteristics of stimuli and sensations they produce

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30
Q

what was the goal of Franciscus Donder’s pioneering experiment?

A

to determine how long it takes to make a decision

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31
Q

what did Donder measure?

A

reaction time

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32
Q

what were Donder’s 2 kinds of reaction time

A

simple reaction time

choice reaction time

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33
Q

define Donder’s simple reaction time

A

asking participants to push a button as rapidly as possible in response to a light

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34
Q

define Donder’s choice reaction time

A

using 2 lights and asking participants to push a specific button corresponding to the light shown

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35
Q

how did Donder finalize reaction time/making decisions?

A

the difference between choice and simple reaction time

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36
Q

who founded the first psychology science laboratory and was involved in structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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37
Q

define structuralism

A

the overall experience being determined by combining basic elements of experience sensations

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38
Q

Edward Titchener was involved in ___ to pursue what goal?

A

introspection

find the structural elements of the mind

39
Q

define analytic introspection

A

when trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

40
Q

why does analytic introspection have issues?

A

requires extensive training

had unreliable results

41
Q

what did analytic introspection contribute to psychology?

A

studying the mind under controlled conditions

42
Q

What was Herman Ebbinghaus interested in?

A

determining the nature of memory/forgetting

43
Q

Ebbinghaus used a ___ method and ___ as the participant

A

quantitative ; himself

44
Q

what was the structure of Ebbinghaus’ experiment?

A

repeating 13 nonsense syllables to himself at a constant rate

45
Q

what term did Ebbinghaus use to determine how much was forgotten after a particular delay?

A

savings

46
Q

what is the formula for Ebbinghaus’ savings?

A
  • Savings= [(original time taken to learn the list) – (time to relearn the list)]/original time
47
Q

what would smaller savings values mean in Ebbinghaus’ experiment?

A

more forgetting

48
Q

what did Ebbinghaus use to plot memory dropping data?

A

savings curve/forgetting curve

49
Q

what was the takeaway in Ebbinghaus’ method?

A

memory can be quantified and functions could be used to describe a property of the mind

50
Q

William James was apart of what school of thought?

A

functionalism

51
Q

define functionalism

A

focuses on the functions of consciousness rather than its structure

52
Q

what was William James’ observation on attention?

A

paying attention to one thing requires withdrawing from other things

53
Q

what were William James’ 2 components of memory?

A 
primary = short term
secondary = long term
54
Q

what was the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A

emotion does not cause physiological responses

55
Q

explain what the James-Lange theory means

A

there is a physiological response that one has to interpret and make sense of

56
Q

who was involved in behaviourism and the little albert experiment?

A

Watson

57
Q

what were Watson’s issues with analytic introspection?

A
  1. the variable results from person to person

2. difficulty in verifying the results due to inner mental process interpretation

58
Q

what was John Watson’s goal?

A

to portray connections between stimuli and responses and avoid mentalism

59
Q

define classical conditioning?

A

pairing one stimulus with another previously neutral stimulus changing the response to the neutral stimulus

60
Q

who coined the term operant conditioning?

A

B.F Skinner

61
Q

define operant conditioning

A

strengthening or weakening a response using positive or negative reinforcers

62
Q

what was Edward Tolman’s experiment that re-emerged the mind in psychology?

A

rat maze experiment

63
Q

what was Tolman’s coined term that indicated the rat had a map of the maze in its mind

A

cognitive map

64
Q

what was Skinners idea of verbal behaviour?

A

children learn language through operant conditioning by imitating speech they hear and repeating correct/rewarded speech

65
Q

why did Noah Chomsky disagree with Skinner?

A

children are not rewarded for incorrect grammar or hateful speech

66
Q

when and what was the cognitive revolution?

A

1950s; shift in psychology from the beahviourist’s focus of stimulus-responses to a focus on the operation of the mind

67
Q

describe the information-processing approch

A

tracing sequences of mental operations involved in cognition

68
Q

explain the diagram of the information-processing approach

A

input processor –> memory unit –> arithmetic unit –> computer output

69
Q

describe Colin Cherry’s experiment based on William James’ observation of attention

A

asking participants to listen to 2 auditory messages simultaneously but focusing on only one

70
Q

describe Donald Broadbent’s flow diagram of the mind

A

input
filter
detector
memory

71
Q

define artificial intelligence

A

making a machine behave in ways that would be seen as intelligent

72
Q

who created the artificial machine that was envisioned by John McCarthy

A

Herb Simon and Alan Newell

73
Q

name and describe Simon and Newell’s machine

A

logic theorist ; used human-like processes to solve problems

74
Q

the magical number seven plus or minus two is associated with who?

A

George Miller

75
Q

what as George Miller’s takeaway?

A

there are limits to the human’s ability to process information and that the human mind’s limited capacity is about 7 items

76
Q

when was the first cognitive psychology book published? by who?

A

1967, Neisser

77
Q

what does Neisser address late in his book

A

higher mental processes

78
Q

what was Neisser interested about in the mind’s operation?

A

how the mind operates but excluding the physiological mechanisms involved

79
Q

name the components in Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model of memory

A

sensory memory
short-term memory
long-term memory

80
Q

describe sensory memory

A

holds incoming info for a fraction of a second then passes info along

81
Q

describe short-term memory

A

has limited capacity and holds information for seconds

82
Q

what can occur in short term memory?

A

rehearsal, coding, decisions, and retrieval

83
Q

describe long-term memory

A

high-capacity system that can hold information for a long period of time

84
Q

where can information travel from the long-term memory? what is this considered?

A

back to short term memory ; remembering

85
Q

who proposed long-term memory can be divided into 3 components?

A

Endel Tulving

86
Q

name/describe Tulving’s 3 components of long-term memory

A

episodic - events
semantic- facts
procedural - physical actions

87
Q

define neuropsychology

A

the study of behaviour of people with brain damage

88
Q

what does neuropsychology proivde?

A

insights to the brain’s function

89
Q

define electrophysiology

A

measuring electrical response of the nervous system

90
Q

what does electrophysiology provide?

A

insight into the activity of single neurons

91
Q

what injects radioactive tracers into the blood stream?

A

positron emission tomography

92
Q

what allows us to see activated brain activity during cognitive task and is better/safer than PET

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

93
Q

who illustrated how our knowledge about the environment can influence our perception?

A

Stephen Palmer

PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (11 decks)

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