Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > CHAPTER 2 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience?

A

the study of the neurophysiological basis of cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the levels of analysis term

A

refers to the idea that a topic can be studied in a number of different ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

looking at the processes behind behaviour as looking under the hood of the car is an analogy of?

A

levels of analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what kind of experiences can involve chemical processes? what kind of processes?

A

initial; creating electrical signals in neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what happens when individual brain structures are activated?

A

multiple brain structures are activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chemical and electrical processes are stored into experiences which forms a_____

A

memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do neurons do?

A

create and transmit information about experiences and knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what would 19th century anatomists do to increase the contrast between different brain tissue types?

A

applied special stains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the nerve net theory?

A

states there is a continuous network providing a complex pathway for conducting signals uninterrupted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in 1870 who developed a staining technique?

A

Camillo Golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what was Golgi’s technique?

A

stains created pictures in which fewer than 1% of the cells were stained to stand out from the rest using a single slice of brain tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

who used the Golgi stain and studied tissues from newborn animals because of their lower density?

A

Ramon y Cajal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what did Cajal discover?

A

the nerve net is not continuous but is made up of individual units connected together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what was Cajal’s neuron doctrine?

A

the idea that cells transmit signals in the nervous system and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by the nerve net theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the cell body of a neuron?

A

the metabolic center of the neuron: contains mechanisms that keep the cell alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the dendrites of the neuron?

A

projections from the cell body that receive signals from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the axons of the neuron?

A

long processes that transmit signals to other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are Cajal’s 3 conclusions about neurons?

A
  1. small gap between axons of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron is the synapse
  2. neurons are not connected indiscriminately to other neurons but to form connections to specific neurons to form neural circuits
  3. in addition to neurons in the brain there are neurons that receive information from the environment using receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what was needed to make small electrical signals generated by neurons visible

A

electric amplifiers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in the 1920s what did Edgar Adrian use?

A

microelectrodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are microelectrodes?

A

small shafts of hollow glass filled with a conductive salt solution that could pick up electrical signals at the electrode tip and conduct the signals back to the recording device

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the resting potential inside the cell in comparison to the outside

A

-70mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a resting potential?

A

the charge on the inside of the neuron when there are no signals in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a nerve impulse?

A

when the neuron receptor is stimulated and it travels down the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the membrane potential inside the axon compared to the outside during a nerve impulse?

A

+40mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is an action potential?

A

when the nerve impulse continues and the charge inside reverses its course and starts to become negative again until reaching resting potential again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is a special property of an action potential?

A

it travels down the axon without changing height or shape making them ideal for sending signals over a distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is released at the synapse?

A

neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a neurotransmitter?

A

a chemical responsible for transporting a signal across the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how did Adrian study the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience?

A

measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor changed while applying more pressure to skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what did Adrian observe from his nerve firing and sensory experience experiment?

A

the height and shape of the remained the same and the rate of firing increased as pressure on the skin increased

the overall rate of neural firing is related to the intensity of the stimulus relating to the magnitude of the experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the quality of experience is represented in neural firing by ….

A

the activation of different neurons and areas in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what do representations in the mind refer to?

A

everything we experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the principle of neural representation?

A

states that everything a person experiences is based on representations of the person’s nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what were the 2 discoveries made from recording neurons outside the visual receiving area?

A
  1. many neurons at higher levels of the visual system fire to complex stimuli like patterns and faces
  2. a specific stimulus causes neural firing distributed across many areas of the cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

is memory determined by a single memory area? why?

A

no

there are a number of areas involved in creating a memory and remembering later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

who presented visual stimuli to cats and determined which stimuli caused specific neurons to fire?

A

David Hubel and Thorsten Wiesel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are feature detectors?

A

neurons that respond to specific stimulus features such as orientation, movement, and length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is experience-dependent plasticity?

A

when the structure of the brain is changed by experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the extrastriate body area?

A

activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

who analyzed how voxels responded to different objects and actions in films by having a participant sit in a brain scanner while watching a film

A

Alex Huth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the central principle of cognition?

A

most of our experience is multidimensional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the 5 aspects of a face we respond to?

A

emotional

where the person is looking

how the parts of the face move

how attractive the face is

whether a face is familiar

44
Q

what is distributed representation?

A

the idea that perceptions activate many areas in the brain

45
Q

what are the 2 modern language pathways?

A
  1. processing sounds, speech production and saying words

2. understanding words

46
Q

what are neural networks?

A

interconnected areas of the brain that can communicate with each other

47
Q

what are the 4 principles of neural networks?

A
  1. complex structures called networks form the brain’s information highway
  2. within structural pathways there are function pathways serving different functions
  3. the networks operate dynamically which mirrors the dynamic structure of cognition
  4. there is a resting state of brain activity so parts of the brain are active all the time even when there is no cognitive activity
48
Q

what is structural connectivity?

A

the brain’s wiring diagram that is created by nerve axons that connect different areas of the brain

49
Q

what is track weight imaging?

A

detects how water diffuses along the length of the nerve fibers

50
Q

what is connectome?

A

indicates the structural description of a network’s elements and connections forming in the brain

51
Q

the wiring diagram of neurons resembles ..

A

how fingerprints are different for every person

52
Q

what is functional connectivity?

A

helps determine what parts of the neural network are involved in different functions

53
Q

how is functional connectivity determined?

A

by the extent to which neural activity in 2 brain areas are correlated

54
Q

functional connectivity uses what?

A

resting-state fMRI

55
Q

what is resting-state fMRI?

A

measures a response while a person is at rest

56
Q

who coined the term resting-state functional connectivity?

A

Bharat Biswal

57
Q

who did a kitten/cat experiment to demonstrate experience-dependent plasticity?

A

Blakemore and Cooper

58
Q

what did Blakemore and Cooper observe in their experience-dependent plasticity experiment? (2)

A

kittens whose cortex contains vertically sensitive neurons the kitten would only perceive verticals

perception is determined by neurons that fire to specific qualities of stimulus

59
Q

what were Blakemore and Cooper able to conclude about experience-dependent plasticity?

A

the visual cortex is apart of an early stage of visual processing

vision depends on signals sent from the visual cortex to other brain areas

60
Q

who recorded neurons in a monkey’s temporal lobe and presented a variety of stimuli to anesthetized monkeys

A

Charles Gross

61
Q

what did Charles Gross observe in his complex stimuli experiement?

A

neurons would respond to specific stimuli and not to others

neurons in the visual cortex send their axons to higher levels of the visual system where they respond to more complex stimuli

62
Q

what was Charles Gross able to conclude about complex stimuli?

A

signals are sent to higher areas of the visual system to be processed and their neurons respond to more complex stimuli

63
Q

what is hierarchical processing?

A

the progression from lower to higher areas of the brain

64
Q

what is sensory coding?

A

refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

65
Q

what is specificity coding?

A

the idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds to only that object

66
Q

what is population coding?

A

the representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing many neurons

67
Q

what is special about population coding?

A

large number of stimuli can be represented because a large group of neurons can create a huge number of different patterns

68
Q

what is sparse coding?

A

occurs when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing only a small group of neurons and the remaining neurons are silent

69
Q

what was found from recording the frontal lobe of patients undergoing surgery for epilepsy?

A

stimulation of neurons before or during the procedure allows one to determine the exact layout of the person’s brain

70
Q

are representations of memories different from representation of perceptions?

A

yes

71
Q

how do representations of memories and perceptions differ?

A
  1. perceptual neural firing is associated with what occurs with a stimulus present
  2. memory neural firing is associated with info about the past that has been stored in the brain and is more involved in population and sparse coding
72
Q

what is localization of function?

A

specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain

73
Q

what functions are served by the cerebral cortex?

A

cognitive functions

74
Q

the ___ is wrinkled covering and looking at an ____

A

cortex; intact brain

75
Q

what is neuropsychology?

A

the study of behaviour of people with brain damage

76
Q

in the early 1800s what was known as cortical equipotentiality?

A

the idea that the brain operated as an indivisible whole as opposed to specialized areas

77
Q

who said that those who suffer from brain damage due to strokes can cause disruptions of blood supply to the brain

A

Paul Broca

78
Q

what is Broca’s aphasia?

A

slow, labored, ungrammatical speech caused by damage to Broca’s area

79
Q

what is Wrenkie’s aphasia?

A

producing meaningless speech and are unable to understand other people’s speech

80
Q

what is a characteristic of Wrenkie’s aphasia?

A

the inability to match words with meanings

81
Q

what were Broca and Wrenkie’s findings significant to?

A

the discovery that language aspects are served by different areas of the brain

82
Q

describe the upper temporal lobe

A

contains the auditory cortex and receives signals from the ears

83
Q

describe the parietal lobe

A

contains the somatosensory cortex which receives signals from the skin

84
Q

describe the frontal lobe

A

receives signals from all senses and is responsible for coordination of all the senses and higher mental processes

85
Q

what is prosopagnosia?

A

the inability to recognize faces due to damage of the right/lower temporal lobe

86
Q

describe double dissociation in neuropsychology

A

damage to one area of the brain impairs function A but keeps function B intact while damage in another area of the brain impairs function B and keeps function A intact

87
Q

what does double dissociation enable?

A

the idea that 2 functions are served by different mechanisms that operate independently from each other

88
Q

who said 97% of neurons within a small part of the monkey’s temporal lobe responded to pictures of faces but not to objects

A

Doris Tsao

89
Q

what supported Tsao’s temporal lobe experiment?

A

brain imaging to allow one to see which areas of the brain are activated by different cognitions

90
Q

what is functional magnetic resonance imaging

A

shows how neural activity causes the blood to bring in more oxygen that binds to hemoglobin to increase its magnetic properties

91
Q

what are voxels?

A

small cube-shaped areas of the brain and are units of analysis associated with cognitive activity

92
Q

what is a task-related MRI

A

measures the change in brain activity that can be linked to specifically to the task

93
Q

what is the fusiform face area?

A

located in the fusiform gyrus on the underside of the temporal lobe

part of the brain damaged in cases of prosopagnosia

94
Q

what is the para-hippocampal place area?

A

responds to information regarding spatial layout

95
Q

what are the 4 steps of determining if structures are apart of a functional network?

A
  1. task-related MRI to determine the location associated with a specific task
  2. measure the resting-state fMRI at the same location and collect a times-series response
  3. measure the resting-state fMRI at another location
  4. calculate the correlation between the seed and test location responses
96
Q

what is a time-series response?

A

indicates a change over time

97
Q

what does a high correlation between seed and test locations mean?

A

the structures are apart of a functional network

98
Q

what does a low correlation between the seed and test locations mean?

A

the structures are not apart of the same functional network

99
Q

does being functionally connected mean the structures directly communicate by neural pathways?

A

no

100
Q

functional and structural connectivity are …

A

not the same thing but can be related

101
Q

what occurs during the day and what occurs at night?

A

day: changing in memory networks due to memories accumulating in the day
night: the strengthening of those memories

102
Q

what is the default mode network?

A

a network of structures that respond when a person is not involved in specific tasks

103
Q

who noted that fMRI studies present a decrease in activity in certain areas of the brain when demonstrating a task?

A

Gordon Shulman

104
Q

who proposed areas decrease during tasks represents a default mode of brain function

A

Marcus Raichle

105
Q

what do people tend to do when the default mode network is active?

A

mind wandering - a decrease in performance on attention-required tasks

PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions