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PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > CHAPTER 5- SHORT TERM MEMORY > Flashcards

CHAPTER 5- SHORT TERM MEMORY Flashcards

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1
Q

define memory

A

a process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli after the original information is no longer present

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2
Q

what is another definition of memory?

A

something active anytime some past experience has an effect on the way one thinks or behaves

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3
Q

which memory is associated with perception?

A

sensory memory

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4
Q

which memory is also known as the working memory?

A

short-term memory

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5
Q

which memory has 3 components? semantic, episodic, procedural

A

long-term memory

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6
Q

name the 3 parts of Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s Modal Model of Memory?

A

sensory, short-term, long-term

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7
Q

what are control processes?

A

dynamic processes associated with the structural features that can be controlled

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8
Q

what is rehearsal?

A

repeating the stimulus over and over

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9
Q

what process is storing information into long-term memory?

A

encoding

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10
Q

what process is remembering information from long-term?

A

retrieval

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11
Q

define sensory memory

A

the retention for brief periods of the effects of sensory stimulation

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12
Q

what is the persistence of vision?

A

the continued perception of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer present

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13
Q

name the 3 report methods Sperling used in his capacity and duration of the sensory store experiment

A

whole
partial
delayed partial

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14
Q

what is iconic memory?

A

corresponds to the sensory memory stage of the Modal Model by Atkinson and Shiffrin

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15
Q

what is echoic memory?

A

the persistence of sound

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16
Q

define short-term memory

A

the system involved in storing small amounts of information for a brief period of time

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17
Q

which experimental method is used for recollection of events/facts or report back the previously presented stimuli ?

A

recall

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18
Q

memory can be measured as a ______ of stimuli remembered

A

percentage

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19
Q

what is serial recall?

A

recalling items in the same order they were presented

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20
Q

what is free recall?

A

recalling items without regard to their order of presentation

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21
Q

how did Llyod Peterson and Margret Peterson use recall in their experiment?

A

to determine the duration of short-term memory by getting participants to recall 3-grouped letters after counting backwards from a random number after a certain amount of time

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22
Q

what is digit span?

A

the number of digits a person on average can remember (5-9)

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23
Q

what is change detection?

A

being asked to differentiate between 2 scenes presented sequentially

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24
Q

who used change detection in their experiment? what did they discover?

A

Luck and Vogel

the number of items on display makes it harder to differentiate due to STM limited capacity

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25
Q

what is chunking?

A

process that shows how small units can be combined into larger meaningful units

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26
Q

what is a chunk?

A

collection of elements that are strongly associated with one another but are weakly associated with elements of other chunks

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27
Q

chunking in terms of what increases the ability to hold information in STM?

A

in terms of meaning

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28
Q

what is recoding?

A

packing more information into each chunk

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29
Q

what is a mnemonic?

A

a technique for improving memory

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30
Q

who used change detection in their experiment and how did they modify it?

A

Alvarez and Cavanagh

added more complex objects to each display of the same category

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31
Q

what id Alvarez and Cavanagh discover?

A

the greater the amount of information in an image, the fewer items can be held in STM

32
Q

in what 2 terms can memory be measured ?

A

number of items or amount of detailed information

33
Q

define working memory

A

a limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks

34
Q

multiplying 43 by 6 is an example of what memory at work?

A

working memory

35
Q

how does working memory work?

A

the simultaneous use of storage and active processing

36
Q

who made a working memory model? what premise did he use?

A

Baddeley

under certain conditions it is possible to carry out 2 tasks simultaneously

37
Q

what is Baddeley’s working memory model?

A

considers the dynamic process involved in cognitions and the fact people can carry out 2 tasks simultaneously

38
Q

what are the 3 components of Baddeley’s working memory model?

A

phonological loop
visuospatial sketch pad
central executive

39
Q

what is the phonological loop (what does it work with) and what are its 2 components?

A

it works with language

phonological store
articulatory rehearsal process

40
Q

what is the phonological store?

A

holds information for only a few seconds

41
Q

what is the articulatory rehearsal process?

A

responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying

42
Q

what does the visuospatial sketch pad do?

A

holds visual and spatial information

43
Q

what does the central executive do?

A

pulls info from LTM and coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad by focusing on how to divide attention

44
Q

what are 3 things the phonological loop deals with in terms of language?

A

phonological similarity effect
word length effect
articulatory suppression

45
Q

what is the phonological similarity effect?

A

the confusion of letters or words that sound familiar

46
Q

who’s experiment involved the phonological similarity effect and what did they discover?

A

R. Conrad found that participants would misidentify the target letter with a letter that sounded like the target

47
Q

what can be concluded from Conrad’s discovery about the phonological similarity effect

A

verbal information is recoded into acoustic format when visually exerienced

48
Q

what is the word length effect?

A

when memory for lists of words is better for short rather than long words

49
Q

why are shorter words easier to remember than long words?

A

long words require more pronunciation and rehearsal

short words require less pronunciation and rehearsal

50
Q

what is articulatory suppression?

A

the repetition of an irrelevant sound which reduces memory due to speaking interfering with rehearsal

51
Q

what is visual imagery?

A

the creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical stimulus

52
Q

who found that same/different reaction times were longer for greater differences in orientations of objects

A

Shepard and Metzler

53
Q

what is mental rotation?

A

the ability to rotate an image in one’s mind

54
Q

how does the central executive make the working memory work?

A

it is the control center of the working memory system

55
Q

what did Baddeley refer the central executive to be?

A

the attention controller

56
Q

what component was later added to Baddeley’s model of the working memory but is not officially established?

A

the episodic buffer

57
Q

what is the episodic buffer?

A

it stores information and is connected to long term memory

58
Q

people with frontal lobe damage is found to be characterized by?

A

perseveration

59
Q

what is perseveration?

A

repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if its not achieving the desired goal

60
Q

what was the delayed-response task?

A

observes holding information during a delayed period

61
Q

what 3 neural network changes allow information to be stored

A

activity state

synaptic state

remembering

62
Q

what is the activity state?

A

when information to be remembered causes neurons to briefly fire

63
Q

what is the synaptic state?

A

when a number of neural connections are strengthened

64
Q

what is remembering?

A

when a memory is being retrieved it is characterized by a pattern of firing neurons

65
Q

what are the 2 kinds of interferencce?

A

retroactive

proactive

66
Q

what is retroactive interference?

A

when newer material interferes one’s recollection of older items

67
Q

what is proactive interference?

A

when older material interferes with learning and remembering newer material

68
Q

who concluded that similarity affects memory by interfering proactively?

A

Wickens

69
Q

what are the 3 serial positions?

A

primacy
asymptote
recency

70
Q

what is primacy and how does it affect memory?

A

the information at the beginning of a sequence

associated with superior memory

71
Q

what is asymptote and how does it affect memory?

A

the information in the middle of a sequence

associated with adequate memory

72
Q

what is recency and how does it affect memory?

A

the information at the end of a sequence

is associated with superior memory

73
Q

what letter does the serial position curve resemble?

A

a U

74
Q

what is dissociation?

A

an independent variable affecting one situation differently from another

75
Q

what is double dissocuation?

A

2 situations are affected in opposite ways by one or more of the same independent variables

PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (11 decks)

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