CHAPTER 5- SHORT TERM MEMORY

Question 1

define memory

Answer 1

a process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli after the original information is no longer present

Question 2

what is another definition of memory?

Answer 2

something active anytime some past experience has an effect on the way one thinks or behaves

Question 3

which memory is associated with perception?

Answer 3

sensory memory

Question 4

which memory is also known as the working memory?

Answer 4

short-term memory

Question 5

which memory has 3 components? semantic, episodic, procedural

Answer 5

long-term memory

Question 6

name the 3 parts of Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s Modal Model of Memory?

Answer 6

sensory, short-term, long-term

Question 7

what are control processes?

Answer 7

dynamic processes associated with the structural features that can be controlled

Question 8

what is rehearsal?

Answer 8

repeating the stimulus over and over

Question 9

what process is storing information into long-term memory?

Answer 9

encoding

Question 10

what process is remembering information from long-term?

Answer 10

retrieval

Question 11

define sensory memory

Answer 11

the retention for brief periods of the effects of sensory stimulation

Question 12

what is the persistence of vision?

Answer 12

the continued perception of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer present

Question 13

name the 3 report methods Sperling used in his capacity and duration of the sensory store experiment

Answer 13

whole
partial
delayed partial

Question 14

what is iconic memory?

Answer 14

corresponds to the sensory memory stage of the Modal Model by Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 15

what is echoic memory?

Answer 15

the persistence of sound

Question 16

define short-term memory

Answer 16

the system involved in storing small amounts of information for a brief period of time

Question 17

which experimental method is used for recollection of events/facts or report back the previously presented stimuli ?

Answer 17

recall

Question 18

memory can be measured as a ______ of stimuli remembered

Answer 18

percentage

Question 19

what is serial recall?

Answer 19

recalling items in the same order they were presented

Question 20

what is free recall?

Answer 20

recalling items without regard to their order of presentation

Question 21

how did Llyod Peterson and Margret Peterson use recall in their experiment?

Answer 21

to determine the duration of short-term memory by getting participants to recall 3-grouped letters after counting backwards from a random number after a certain amount of time

Question 22

what is digit span?

Answer 22

the number of digits a person on average can remember (5-9)

Question 23

what is change detection?

Answer 23

being asked to differentiate between 2 scenes presented sequentially

Question 24

who used change detection in their experiment? what did they discover?

Answer 24

Luck and Vogel

the number of items on display makes it harder to differentiate due to STM limited capacity

Question 25

what is chunking?

Answer 25

process that shows how small units can be combined into larger meaningful units

Question 26

what is a chunk?

Answer 26

collection of elements that are strongly associated with one another but are weakly associated with elements of other chunks

Question 27

chunking in terms of what increases the ability to hold information in STM?

Answer 27

in terms of meaning

Question 28

what is recoding?

Answer 28

packing more information into each chunk

Question 29

what is a mnemonic?

Answer 29

a technique for improving memory

Question 30

who used change detection in their experiment and how did they modify it?

Answer 30

Alvarez and Cavanagh added more complex objects to each display of the same category

Question 31

what id Alvarez and Cavanagh discover?

Answer 31

the greater the amount of information in an image, the fewer items can be held in STM

Question 32

in what 2 terms can memory be measured ?

Answer 32

number of items or amount of detailed information

Question 33

define working memory

Answer 33

a limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks

Question 34

multiplying 43 by 6 is an example of what memory at work?

Answer 34

working memory

Question 35

how does working memory work?

Answer 35

the simultaneous use of storage and active processing

Question 36

who made a working memory model? what premise did he use?

Answer 36

Baddeley under certain conditions it is possible to carry out 2 tasks simultaneously

Question 37

what is Baddeley's working memory model?

Answer 37

considers the dynamic process involved in cognitions and the fact people can carry out 2 tasks simultaneously

Question 38

what are the 3 components of Baddeley's working memory model?

Answer 38

phonological loop visuospatial sketch pad central executive

Question 39

what is the phonological loop (what does it work with) and what are its 2 components?

Answer 39

it works with language phonological store articulatory rehearsal process

Question 40

what is the phonological store?

Answer 40

holds information for only a few seconds

Question 41

what is the articulatory rehearsal process?

Answer 41

responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying

Question 42

what does the visuospatial sketch pad do?

Answer 42

holds visual and spatial information

Question 43

what does the central executive do?

Answer 43

pulls info from LTM and coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad by focusing on how to divide attention

Question 44

what are 3 things the phonological loop deals with in terms of language?

Answer 44

phonological similarity effect word length effect articulatory suppression

Question 45

what is the phonological similarity effect?

Answer 45

the confusion of letters or words that sound familiar

Question 46

who's experiment involved the phonological similarity effect and what did they discover?

Answer 46

R. Conrad found that participants would misidentify the target letter with a letter that sounded like the target

Question 47

what can be concluded from Conrad's discovery about the phonological similarity effect

Answer 47

verbal information is recoded into acoustic format when visually exerienced

Question 48

what is the word length effect?

Answer 48

when memory for lists of words is better for short rather than long words

Question 49

why are shorter words easier to remember than long words?

Answer 49

long words require more pronunciation and rehearsal short words require less pronunciation and rehearsal

Question 50

what is articulatory suppression?

Answer 50

the repetition of an irrelevant sound which reduces memory due to speaking interfering with rehearsal

Question 51

what is visual imagery?

Answer 51

the creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical stimulus

Question 52

who found that same/different reaction times were longer for greater differences in orientations of objects

Answer 52

Shepard and Metzler

Question 53

what is mental rotation?

Answer 53

the ability to rotate an image in one's mind

Question 54

how does the central executive make the working memory work?

Answer 54

it is the control center of the working memory system

Question 55

what did Baddeley refer the central executive to be?

Answer 55

the attention controller

Question 56

what component was later added to Baddeley's model of the working memory but is not officially established?

Answer 56

the episodic buffer

Question 57

what is the episodic buffer?

Answer 57

it stores information and is connected to long term memory

Question 58

people with frontal lobe damage is found to be characterized by?

Answer 58

perseveration

Question 59

what is perseveration?

Answer 59

repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if its not achieving the desired goal

Question 60

what was the delayed-response task?

Answer 60

observes holding information during a delayed period

Question 61

what 3 neural network changes allow information to be stored

Answer 61

activity state synaptic state remembering

Question 62

what is the activity state?

Answer 62

when information to be remembered causes neurons to briefly fire

Question 63

what is the synaptic state?

Answer 63

when a number of neural connections are strengthened

Question 64

what is remembering?

Answer 64

when a memory is being retrieved it is characterized by a pattern of firing neurons

Question 65

what are the 2 kinds of interferencce?

Answer 65

retroactive | proactive

Question 66

what is retroactive interference?

Answer 66

when newer material interferes one's recollection of older items

Question 67

what is proactive interference?

Answer 67

when older material interferes with learning and remembering newer material

Question 68

who concluded that similarity affects memory by interfering proactively?

Answer 68

Wickens

Question 69

what are the 3 serial positions?

Answer 69

primacy asymptote recency

Question 70

what is primacy and how does it affect memory?

Answer 70

the information at the beginning of a sequence associated with superior memory

Question 71

what is asymptote and how does it affect memory?

Answer 71

the information in the middle of a sequence associated with adequate memory

Question 72

what is recency and how does it affect memory?

Answer 72

the information at the end of a sequence is associated with superior memory

Question 73

what letter does the serial position curve resemble?

Answer 73

a U

Question 74

what is dissociation?

Answer 74

an independent variable affecting one situation differently from another

Question 75

what is double dissocuation?

Answer 75

2 situations are affected in opposite ways by one or more of the same independent variables