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PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > CHAPTER 4 - ATTENTION > Flashcards

CHAPTER 4 - ATTENTION Flashcards

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1
Q

what is attention?

A

the mental process of concentrating effort on a location, stimulus, or mental event

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2
Q

what is selective attention?

A

attending to one thing while ignoring others

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3
Q

what is a distraction?

A

one stimulus interfering with the process of another stimulus

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4
Q

what is divided attention?

A

paying attention to more than one thing at a time

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5
Q

what is attentional capture ?

A

the rapid shifting of attention usually caused by a stimulus

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6
Q

what is visual scanning?

A

movement from the eyes from one location to another

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7
Q

what did Colin Cherry discover?

A

that participants could report messages presented to the attended ear but could not report what is being presented to the unattended ear

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8
Q

what technique did Cherry use in his experiments?

A

dichotic listening

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9
Q

how does dichotic listening work?

A

presenting different stimuli to different ears

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10
Q

what was Cherry’s experiment procedure?

A

required participants to focus on one message in one ear and repeat what they heard out loud

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11
Q

participants focusing on one message in one ear and repeating what they heard out loud is called..

A

shadowing

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12
Q

what is the cocktail party effect?

A

the ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli

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13
Q

what are the 4 parts of Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention?

A

sensory memory
filter
detector
short term memory

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14
Q

what occurs in sensory memory?

A

the holding of all incoming information lasting a fraction of a second before transfer to the filter

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15
Q

what occurs in the filter?

A

identification of the message being attended to based on physical characteristics and only lets the attended message through

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16
Q

what are considered physical characteristics from the filter’s POV

A

speaker’s tone, pitch, speed of talking, and accent

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17
Q

what occurs in the detector?

A

the processing of information from the attended message to determine higher level characteristics

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18
Q

what are the higher level characteristics that the detector determines?

A

its meaning

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19
Q

what occurs in short-term memory?

A

the holding of information for a short time period before transferring it to long-term memory

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20
Q

what kind of model is Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention

A

early selection model

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21
Q

why is Broadbent’s model considered an early selection model?

A

the filter eliminates the unattended ear’s message near the beginning of information flow

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22
Q

what significant event occurred in Neville Moray’s experiment of dichotic listening?

A

participants were presented their name in the unattended ear’s message

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23
Q

why was the detection of participants’ names in Neville Moray’s experiment significant?

A

does not follow Broadbent’s filter model; the filter is only supposed to let in one message

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24
Q

explain top-down processing in terms of attention and hearing your name

A

attention is going from one ear to another based on the previously known meaning of a word

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25
Q

who modified Broadbent’s model?

A

Anne Treisman

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26
Q

how did Anne Treisman modify Broadbent’s model?

A

proposed selection occurs in 2 stages occurring in the placement of the filter portion and replaced it with the attenuator and dictionary unit

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27
Q

what are the 3 properties involving the attenuator ?

A

physical characteristics
language
meaning

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28
Q

describe physical characteristics in terms of the attenuator

A

how high/low pitched, and fast/slow the stimulus is

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29
Q

describe the language in terms of the attenuator

A

how the message groups syllables or words

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30
Q

describe the meaning in terms of the attenuator

A

how the sequences of the words create meaningful phrases

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31
Q

what was Anne Treisman’s model of attention also known as?

A

leaky filter model

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32
Q

what would occur after the messages have been identified in the attenuator?

A

the attended messages passes through at full strength

unattended messages are still present but weaker

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33
Q

what is the dictionary unit?

A

it contains words stored in memory in which each have a threshold of being activated

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34
Q

what is the threshold in the dictionary unit?

A

the smallest signal strength that can be barely detected

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35
Q

what kind of threshold do common or important words have?

A

low thresholds

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36
Q

what kind of thresholds do uncommon or unimportant words have?

A

high thresholds

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37
Q

what was Donald MacKay’s, experiment?

A

participants listened to ambiguous sentences that could be interpreted in more than one way

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38
Q

what important aspect initiated MacKay’s

A

biasing words

39
Q

how do late selection models work?

A

demonstrate how incoming information is processed to the level of meaning before being selected

40
Q

Nilli Lavie introduced what?

A

the concepts of processing capacity and perceptual load

41
Q

what is processing capacity?

A

refers to the amount of information people can handle and sets a limit on their ability to process incoming information

42
Q

what is perceptual load?

A

relates to the difficulty of a task; has low and high load task properties

43
Q

describe how low-load tasks impact perceptual load

A

uses a small amount of the person’s processing capacity therefore are well practiced and easy

44
Q

describe how high-load tasks impact perceptual load

A

take up more of a person’s processing capacity therefore are not well practiced and difficult

45
Q

what is the stroop effect?

A

demonstrates how task-irrelevant stimuli are powerful in performing a given task

46
Q

What did Daniel Kahneman propose/contribute?

A

related arousal and performance using attentional control

47
Q

what did Daniel Kahneman propose?

A

as arousal increases, performance increases to an extent to which after too much arousal performance will decrease

48
Q

what is central vision?

A

the area one is looking at

49
Q

what is peripheral vision?

A

everything off to the side

50
Q

what part of the retina functions in central vision?

A

fovea

51
Q

what is overt attention

A

shifting attention from one place to another by moving the eye

52
Q

in overt attention: the location of _____ is known to the ____ observer

A

attention; outside

53
Q

what is stimulus salience?

A

the physical properties of a stimulus such as colour, contrast, or movement

54
Q

capturing attention using stimulus salience is an example of….

A

bottom-up processing

55
Q

what is a saliency map?

A

analyzing characteristics like colour, orientation, and intensity at a location

56
Q

when scanning a scene involves using scene schemas, what is that an example of?

A

top-down processing

57
Q

what is a scene schema?

A

an observer’s knowledge about what typically contained in a particular scene

58
Q

what is covert attention?

A

occurs when shifting attention while keeping the eyes still and the location of attention is unknown to an outsider observer

59
Q

who asked if paying attention to a location improves one’s ability to respond to stimulus presented there?

A

Michael Posner

60
Q

what term did Posner coin?

A

pre-cueing

61
Q

what is pre-cueing?

A

determines whether presenting a cue indicating where a test stimulus will appear enhances the processing of the target stimulus

62
Q

what happens when a target is presented very soon after the cue?

A

faster reaction times to target stimulus in its valid location

63
Q

what happens when a target is presented long after the cue?

A

inhibition of return effect, thus a slower reaction time in the valid location

64
Q

what are the 2 ways attention affects physiological reasoning

A

increases activity in different brain regions

changes the representation of objects across the cortex

65
Q

what is attentional warping?

A

when more space is allotted to categories that are being searched for

66
Q

what is the effect of attentional warping?

A

large areas will respond to the desired object or things related to it

67
Q

who required their participants to carry out 2 tasks simultaneously to achieve divided attention?

A

Walter Schneider and Richard Shiffrin

68
Q

what was the procedure of Schneider and Shiffrin’s experiment?

A
  1. holding information about target stimuli in memory

2. paying attention to a series of distractor to determine if the target stimuli is present among the distractor stimuli

69
Q

what is automatic processing?

A

processing that occurs without intention and at a cost of only some cognitive resources

70
Q

what are the 4 properties of automatic processing?

A

occurs without intention
one is unaware of it
does not interfere with other processes
unaffected by practice

71
Q

what is mind wandering?

A

thoughts coming from within

72
Q

what is another name for mind wandering?

A

day dreaming

73
Q

what is mind wandering associated to?

A

default mode network

74
Q

what is inattentional blindness?

A

when people are unaware of clearly visible stimuli if they are not directing their attention to them

75
Q

what is inattentional deafness?

A

when focusing on a difficult task results in impaired hearing

76
Q

what is change detection?

A

procedure where one picture is presented followed by another and determine what is different about each one

77
Q

what is change blindness?

A

the difficulty in detecting changes in scenes

78
Q

what is considered an adaptive feature in terms of the perceptual system?

A

focusing on small portions of the environment makes optimal use of the limited processing resources

79
Q

what is binding?

A

the process in which features such as colour, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object

80
Q

what is the binding problem?

A

how individual features become bound together

81
Q

what are the 2 stages of the feature integration theory?

A
  1. pre-attentive stage

2. focused attention stage

82
Q

what occurs in the pre-attentive stage?

A

features of the object are analyzed independently in separate areas of the brain and are not yet associated with the specific object

83
Q

what occurs in the focused attention stage?

A

an objects independent features are combined thus attention is focused on it

84
Q

Anne Treisman and Hiliary Schmidt did an experiment involving what?

A

illusory conjunctions

85
Q

what are illusory conjunctions?

A

when combinations of features are from different stimuli

86
Q

in what stage does illusory conjunctions occur within of the feature integration theory?

A

pre-attentive stage

87
Q

what is Balint’s syndrome

A

involves the inability to focus on individual objects

88
Q

what is the term exogenous related to

A

stimulus based attention

89
Q

what is endogenous related to

A

goal-directed attention

90
Q

what is the ventral attention network

A

controls attention based on salience

91
Q

what is the dorsal attention network

A

controls attention based on top-down processing

92
Q

what is effective connectivity?

A

how easily activity can travel along a particular pathaway

93
Q

what is synchronization?

A

when signals from 2 different stimuli become synchronized

94
Q

what is the executive attention network?

A

involves processes that involve controlling attention and dealing with conflicting responses

PSYC221 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (11 decks)

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