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Genetics 2.0 > Chapter two test one > Flashcards

Chapter two test one Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a gene

A

basic unit of biological info

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2
Q

what is heredity

A

the way genes transmit physiological, anatomical and behavioral traits from parents to offspring

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3
Q

what is genetics

A

the science of heredity

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4
Q

what is artificial selection

A

the purposeful control of mating by choice of parents for the next generation

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5
Q

what were the ideas of heredity before mendel

A 
one parent (male) contributes most to an offsprings inherited features
blended inheritance: parental traits become mixed and forever changed
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6
Q

why did mendel choose the pea plant

A

female and male organs in same plant (self-fertilizing)
easy to breed
large numbers, short period of time

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7
Q

what are discrete traits

A

an inherited trait that clearly exhibits an either/or status

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8
Q

what are continuous traits

A

an inherited trait that exhibits many intermediate forms

such as skin color or height

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9
Q

what are hybrids

A

offspring of genetically dissimilar parents

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10
Q

what are reciprocal crosses

A

crosses performed in two directions, with the traits in the males and females reversed relative to each other, thereby controlling whether a particular trait is transmitted by the male or female gamete

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11
Q

what crosses reveal the law of segregation

A

monohybrid crosses

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12
Q

what do F1 generations look like in a monohybrid cross

A

all one phenotype

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13
Q

what are monohybrid crosses

A

crosses between parents that differ in only one trait

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14
Q

what is the ratio for a F2 monohybrid cross

A

3:1

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15
Q

what was evidence in monohybrid crosses that showed blending did not occur

A

green reappeared in the F2 generation

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16
Q

what is an allele

A

alternative forms of a single gene

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17
Q

what are gametes

A

eggs or sperms that carry genes between generations

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18
Q

what is a zygote

A

fertilized egg

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19
Q

what is mendels law of segregation

A

two alleles for each trait segregate during gamete formation, and then unite at random, one from each parent, at fertilization

20
Q

purpose of punnett square

A

visualize the fertilization events possible in a give cross

21
Q

what is the product rule

A

the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of the probabilities that each event will occur by itself

22
Q

what is the key word to look for in product rule

A

AND

23
Q

what is the sum rule

A

the probability that any of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is the sum of their individual probabilities

24
Q

what is the key word to look for in the sum rule

A

OR

25
Q

what is the ratio of a specific yellow genotype for a monohybrid

A

1 YY ; 2 Yy

26
Q

purpose of a testcross

A

determine phenotype

27
Q

if phenotype shows one color in testcross what is the genotype

A

YY

28
Q

if phenotype shows two colors in testcross what is the genotype

A

Yy

29
Q

what kind of crosses shows the law of independent assortment

A

dihybrid crosses

30
Q

what is a dihybrid

A

an individual that is heterozygous at different genes

31
Q

how many phenotypes produced in F1 generation for a dihybrid cross

A

1

32
Q

what is a parental type

A

phenotypes that reflect a previously existing parental combination of alleles that is retained during gamete formation

33
Q

what is a recombinant type

A

phenotypes reflecting a new combination of genes that occurs during gamete formation

34
Q

what is the phenotypic ratio of a f2 generation for a dihybrid cross

A

9:3:3:1

35
Q

each individual trait in a dihybrid f2 generation has what phenotypic ratio

A

3:1

36
Q

what is the law of independent assortment

A

alleles of different genes segregate into gametes independently of each other

37
Q

what is the possible allele combination ratio in gametes for dihybrid cross

A

1:1:1:1

38
Q

what is a pedigree

A

an orderly diagram of a family’s relevant genetic features, extending through as many generations as possible

39
Q

what is a late onset genetic trait

A

symptoms not present at birth and manifest later in life

40
Q

what disease is an example of a late onset genetic trait

A

huntingtons disease

41
Q

what is a vertical pattern in pedigrees

A

at least one person is affected in each generation

42
Q

what genotype is the diseased huntington

A

Hd HD+, HD HD

43
Q

a vertical pattern of inheritance indicates what

A

a rare dominant trait

44
Q

a horizontal pattern of inheritance indicates what

A

rare recessive trait

45
Q

what is a common rare recessive disease

A

cystic fibrosis

46
Q

what is a trait of horizontal pattern in pedigrees

A

unaffected parents can have affected children

Genetics 2.0 (13 decks)

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