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Genetics 2.0 > Chapter Eight, Test Three > Flashcards

Chapter Eight, Test Three Flashcards

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1
Q

where does transcription occur

A

in nucleus

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2
Q

where does mRNA processing occur

A

in nucleus

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3
Q

where does translation occur

A

in cytoplasm

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4
Q

where does posttranslational modifications occur

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

what is interesting about the nuclear envelope

A

has pores allowing mRNA to move into cytoplasm

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6
Q

what is the simplest possible code

A

a 3 letter code

showing 64 combinations with redundancy

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7
Q

what was an early hypothesis with the genetic code

A

overlapping code

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8
Q

what is a frame shift mutation

A

a single nucleotide deletion or insertion causing the read of codes to shift

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9
Q

what allows frame shifts to work

A

3 deletions, allows area behind mutation to stay the same

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10
Q

what is mRNA

A

messenger

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11
Q

what RNA is the most diverse in composition

A

mRNA

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12
Q

what RNA makes up 85 to 90% of cellular RNA

A

rRNA

from the nucleolar organizer in nucleus

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13
Q

what RNA makes up about 5% of the cellular RNA

A

tRNA

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14
Q

what RNA is 70 to 80 nucleotides long

A

tRNA

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15
Q

what RNA has at least 20 types

A

tRNA

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16
Q

what is the ribosome composition in prokaryotic cells

A

30 s + 50 s = 70 s

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17
Q

what is the ribosome composition of eukaryotic cells

A

40 s + 60 s = 80s

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18
Q

transcription of a gene is what

A

asymmetric

only one strand is copied

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19
Q

the nontemplate strand is also called what and the prime numbers

A

5’ to 3’

coding strand

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20
Q

the template strand prime numbers

A

3’ to 5’

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21
Q

mRNA prime numbers

A

5’ to 3’

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22
Q

how were amino acids discovered

A

use repeat nucleotides to determine what aa you got

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23
Q

what are the stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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24
Q

what is a nonsense mutation

A

point mutation turned amino acid codon into stop codon

25
Q

what are the three steps in transcription

A

initiation, elongation and termination

26
Q

how does transcription start

A

RNA pol binds to promoter on DNA creating holoenzyme complex

27
Q

what is the open promoter complex

A

rna Pol holoenzyme and unwound nucleotides

28
Q

what is needed for RNA pol to get started

A

2 nucleotides added to 5’

29
Q

when is end of initiation

A

when RNA pol releases sigma subunit

30
Q

what makes a RNA pol

A

2 alpha, 1 beta, 1 beta prime, and sigma

31
Q

what is needed for RNA holoenzyme

A

sigma factor

32
Q

what happens when sigma factor is release from holoenzyme

A

RNA pol can move down DNA creating open complex

33
Q

where are nucleotides added by RNA pol

A

3’

34
Q

what are intrinsic terminators

A

cause RNA pol to terminate transcription on its own

35
Q

what are extrinsic terminators

A

RNA pol require additional proteins such as Rho

36
Q

without Rho how does transcription stop

A

hairpin loops, signal release of mRNA

37
Q

what are Tata boxes

A

prinbow boxes

38
Q

what are basal transcription factors

A

bind to parts of DNA such as promoters to activate transcription
transcription factors that bind to promoters in eukaryotes

39
Q

what are enhancers

A

bind to activation proteins

40
Q

what are repressor proteins

A

can deactivate transcription by binding to promoter

41
Q

What are the ways rna is processed

A

methylated cap
poly-a tail
splicing

42
Q

what happens in methylated capping

A

methyl transferase adds methyl group to guanine and proceeding nucleotide

43
Q

what happens in poly-a-tail

A

ribonuclease cleaves primary transcript to form new 3’ end and poly-a-polymerase addes A’s to 3’ end to help stabilize mRNA

44
Q

how does splicing work

A

cut splice donor 3’ end is the acceptor
splice donor attaches to “A” at the branch site forming lariat
2nd cut at acceptor which removes intron

45
Q

what helps with splicing

A

splicesome

46
Q

what is a spliceosome made of

A

small nuclear proteins (SNRPs) and SnRNA which brings exons together

47
Q

how are the anticodons arranged on tRNA

A

3’ to 5’

48
Q

where is amino acid attached to on tRNA

A

3’

49
Q

what attaches aa to tRNA with a covalent bond

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

50
Q

what is a charged tRNA

A

amino acid attached to tRNA

51
Q

what is wobble

A

some tRNAs can recognize more than one codon
3’ end of codon not important
5’ end of anticodon not important

52
Q

what binds to mRNA for transcription

A

30s inititally

53
Q

what does 50s ribosome do

A

peptidyl transferase which catalyzes formation of peptide bonds joining aa

54
Q

in prokaryotes what is the start codon for mRNA

A

formylmethionine

55
Q

how does ribosome move along mRNA

A

5’ to 3’

56
Q

what is the binding site for codon in prokaryote

A

shine-dalgarno box

57
Q

what is the start codon for translation

A

AUG

58
Q

what does the initiator tRNA carry

A

fmet

Genetics 2.0 (13 decks)

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