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Genetics 2.0 > Chapter three, test one > Flashcards

Chapter three, test one Flashcards

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1
Q

who coined the terms genetics, allele, homozygote, and heterozygote

A

bateson

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2
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

the relationship between two alleles of a gene where the heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between that of the two homozygotes
does not resemble either pure bred parent

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3
Q

where do you see not complete dominance

A

in F1

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4
Q

if F1 of incomplete dominance self fertilize, what is the F2 phenotypic ratio

A

1:2:1

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5
Q

if F1 of incomplete dominance self fertilize, what is the F2 genotypic ratio

A

1:2:1

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6
Q

describe F2 ratio of incomplete dominance

A

1: parent
2: recombinant
1: parent

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7
Q

what is the biochemical explanation of incomplete dominance

A

each allele of the gene under analysis specifies an alternative form of a protein molecule with an enzymatic role in a certain production
homozygous recessive has nonfunctional enzyme
heterozygote has semifunctional enzyme that can produce a new phenotype

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8
Q

what does codominant mean

A

describes the relationship between two alleles of a gene where the heterozygote has the traits of both homozygotes

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9
Q

what are the phenotype ratios for the f2 generation of codominance

A

1:2:1

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10
Q

what are the genotype ratios for the F2 generation of codominance

A

1 homo dom: 2 both parents: 1 homo recess

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11
Q

what is an example of codominance

A

blood type

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12
Q

determinance of dominance relationships depends on what

A

the phenotype that appears in the F1 generation

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13
Q

what do the F1 generation look like for complete dominance

A

one of the true breeding parents

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14
Q

what do the F1 generation look like for incomplete dominance

A

resemble neither of parents

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15
Q

what do the F1 generation look like for codominance

A

both pure bred parents show

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16
Q

does codominance or incomplete affect law of segregation

A

no because it is based on proteins and enzymes present whether allele shows up in a certain way

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17
Q

is it possible to have more than two alleles

A

yes ex: blood type

but one person can only carry two alternatives

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18
Q

what examples shows that allele is codominant with every allele making a unique phenotype

A

histocompatibility antigens

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19
Q

how do multiple alleles on an allelic series arise

A

mutations

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20
Q

in what cells do mutations pass on

A

gamete producing cells

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21
Q

how can you calculate the number of genes based on people present

A

two genes per person

2 x # people

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22
Q

what is an allele frequency

A

the proportion of all copies of a gene in a population that are of a given allele type

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23
Q

what are wild type alleles

A

the most common alleles in a population

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24
Q

what makes an allele a wildtype

A

occurs in population at a frequency greater than 1%

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25
Q

what is monomorphic

A

a gene with only one wild type allele

26
Q

what is polymorphic

A

more than one common allele

27
Q

what is a common variant

A

high frequency alleles of a polymorphic gene

28
Q

what is an example of a polymorphic gene

A

Histocompatibility antigens

29
Q

what is pleiotropy

A

phenomenon in which a single gene determines a number of distinct and seemingly unrelated characteristics

30
Q

what is a recessive lethal allele

A

an allele that prevent the birth or survival of homozygotes, though heterozygotes carrying the allele survive
in utero

31
Q

how can lethal recessive or delayed lethality be passed on

A

from heterozygote carriers

32
Q

how can delayed lethality be passed on

A

heterozygote carriers

or homozygote that live past puberty

33
Q

dominant early lethal mutant alleles must be new

A

mutations because allele cant be passed on

34
Q

how do you determine 2 genes affecting one trait

A

self fertilize F2

35
Q

what shows that 2 genes affect one trait

A

presence or absence of dominant alleles of two genes

determines pheno and genotype

36
Q

can the F2 genotypes be grouped in a 2 gene determine one trait if it is incomplete or codominance occur

A

no

give rise to more than four phenotypes

37
Q

what biochemical pathway tells us about 2 gene affecting one trait

A

function additively in independent biochemical pathways

38
Q

what is epistasis

A

a gene interaction in which the effects of alleles at one gene hide the effects of alleles at another gene

39
Q

what is recessive epistasis

A

a gene interaction with which the effects of recessive alleles at one gene hide the effects of alleles at another gene

40
Q

what is the ratio for the F2 generation in a recessive epistasis

A 
9:3:4
4 represents (3+1) because ee masks the second gene
41
Q

what is reciprocal recessive epistasis

A

an interaction between alleles of two different genes where the homozygous recessive genotype of each gene prevents the phenotypic expression of the dominant allele of the other gene

42
Q

what is the ratio of the F2 generation for reciprocal recessive epistasis

A

9:7

43
Q

what is dominant epistasis

A

a phenomenon where the effects of a dominant allele of one gene hide the effects of alleles at another gene

44
Q

what is the F2 generation ratio for dominant epistasis

A

12: 3:1
13: 3

45
Q

what are some important factors of epistasis

A

interaction between alleles of different genes

F2 pheno ratios depend on functions of specific alleles and their biochemical pathways

46
Q

what does recessive epistasis reveal

A

dominant alleles of two genes function in same pathways to achieve a common outcome

47
Q

what does dominant epistasis reveal

A

indicates dominant alleles of two genes have antagonistic functions

48
Q

what is redundant gene action

A

a phenomenon where dominant, functional alleles of either or the other of two genes is required in the pathway

49
Q

what is the F2 phenotypic ration showing redundancy

A

15:1

50
Q

what is a heterogenous trait

A

a phenotype caused by a mutation in any one of a number of different genes

51
Q

what is locus heterogeneity

A

describes a trait where mutations in any one of two or more genes results in the same mutant phenotype

52
Q

what is a complementation test

A

method of discovering whether two mutations are in the same or separate genes

53
Q

what is complementation

A

the process in which heterozygosity for loss of function mutant recessive alleles for two different genes produces a normal phenotype

54
Q

what are multifactorial traits

A

traits determined be several factors, including multiple genes interacting with each other and one or more genes interacting with the environment

55
Q

what factors can alter the phenotypic expression of a genotype

A

modifier genes
environment
chance

56
Q

what is penetrance

A

in a population, the fraction of individuals with a particular genotype that show the associated phenotype

57
Q

what is expressivity

A

the degree of intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed as a phenotype

58
Q

what are modifier genes

A

genes that produce a subtle, secondary effect on phenotype

59
Q

what is a phenocopy

A

a change in phenotype arising from environmental agents that mimics the effects of a mutation in a gene

60
Q

are phenocopies heritable

A

no bc they do not result from a change in a gene

Genetics 2.0 (13 decks)

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