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Genetics 2.0 > Chapter five, test two > Flashcards

Chapter five, test two Flashcards

1
Q

what does syntenic mean

A

occurring on same chromosome

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2
Q

what does / mean

A

separate genes found on the two chromosomes of a pair

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3
Q

if the gametes from F1 mother assort independently what is the ratio

A

1:1:1:1

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4
Q

if there is a gamete of 1:1:1:1 ratio from F1 female what are the two possible outcomes

A

parental type and recombinant type

1:1

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5
Q

what is an explanation that the F1 female is more likely to pass on parental combinations of alleles

A

female inhertied wy+ together from p generation mom

inherited w+y together from p generation dad

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6
Q

what shows linked genes

A

parental is greater than recombinant

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7
Q

if the recombinant and parental is 32 and 67 what is the conclusion

A

still linked but not as tight

parental combination alleles travel together more often than not

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8
Q

in mendels dihybrid, how does that work with linkage

A

the gamets dont happen in same ratio or fraction

no longer 9:3:3:1

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9
Q

what is the point of testcross in dihybrid

A

decide if parent is doubly heterozygous

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10
Q

who termed chiasmata

A

Frans janssens

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11
Q

what helped researchers believe recombination occurred

A

physical markers that showed visual abnormalities being transferred

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12
Q

what are genetic markers

A

alleles of genes that could serve as points of reference in determining whether particular progeny were the result of recombination

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13
Q

who came up with the experiment that confirmed the exchange of genetic traits in dihybrids was associated with physical exchange between sister chromatids

A

Curt Stern

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14
Q

physical exchange in allelic recombination

A

need two physical markers to show exchange

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15
Q

what are synaptonemal complexes

A

help homologous chromosomes pair with each other

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16
Q

what is needed to help keep sister chromatids together

A

cohesin

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17
Q

what keeps the homologous chromosomes together at the metaphase plate and thus ensure proper chromosome segregation

A

cohesin

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18
Q

who looked at linked genes

A

thomas hunt morgan

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19
Q

who came up with recombination frequency

A

alfred sturtevant

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20
Q

in a dihybrid with outcome of no cross over meiosis what will the gametes be

A

four parental gametes

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21
Q

what about a single cross over in dihybrid, what are the gametes

A

2 parental

2 recombinant

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22
Q

why is RF= 50% in a dihybrid for genes on nonhomologous chromosomes

A

nonhomologous chromosomes line up randomly to produce all parental or all recombinant in equal freq
meiosis that occur with one crossover bw one gene and centromere generate all four gamete types with equal freq

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23
Q

double cross over 2 strand produces what recombination

A

no recombinants

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24
Q

DCO 3 strand produces what recombination

A

50% recombinants

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25
Q

DCO 4 strand produces what recombination

A

100% recombinants

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26
Q

linked genes mean

A

must be syntenic and sufficiently close together on same chromosome

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27
Q

unlinked genes mean

A

two genes on different chromosome or two genes on same chromosome but really far apart

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28
Q

what are loci

A

maps that assign genes to specific locations on particular chromosomes

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29
Q

what are some limitations of two point crosses

A

difficult to determine gene order if some gene pairs lie very close together
actual distances dont always add up

30
Q

what could be the reason why in a 3 pt cross the distance from a to B and B to C does not equal A to C

A

double crossover could occur

31
Q

how to correct for double crossover in calculation total distance

A

count all recombinant numbers and count the dco twice

then divid by total progeny

32
Q

what is chromosomal interference

A

crossovers not occurring independently of each other

33
Q

what is the coefficient of coincidence

A

a ratio between the actual frequency of double crossovers observed in an experiment and number of double crossovers expected due to independent probabilities

34
Q

what if interference equals one

A

no double crossovers occur in experimental progeny because one exchange effectively prevents another

35
Q

what are recombination hotspots

A

small regions of DNA where the freq of recombination is much higher than average

36
Q

is there recombination occurring during meiosis in male flies

A

no

37
Q

what is a linkage group

A

genes chained together by linkage relationships

38
Q

any gene on chromosome is linked to another gene on the same chromosome then what

A

the number of linkage groups equals the number of pairs of homologous chromosomes in the species

39
Q

what is a chi square test

A

measures how well observed results conform to predicted ones
account for size of experimental population

40
Q

what makes fungus a good species for gametes

A

they house all four haploid products of each meiosis in an ascus

41
Q

what is the fungus sac calles

A

ascus

42
Q

what are the haploid cells in ascus called

A

ascospores

43
Q

the phenotype of haploid fungi is a direct representation of their…

A

genotype

no complications of dominance

44
Q

meiosis in fungi produces

A

four haploid ascospores

45
Q

four haploid ascospores generate what in mitosis

A

8 haploid cells or 4 pairs

46
Q

what do the four pairs in the ascus represent

A

each pair represents the same genotype because they arose from mitosis

47
Q

can neurospora mate asexually

A

use during mitosis

48
Q

if neurospora come in opposite mating types what happens

A

zygote created and goes through mitotic cycles to reproduce

49
Q

what fungi produces unordered tetrads

A

yeast

50
Q

what fungi produces ordered tetrads

A

neurospora crassa

51
Q

what does tetrad mean in fungi

A

4 pairs of 8 haploids in ascus

four products of single meiosis

52
Q

tetrads can by characterized as

A

parental ditypes
nonparental ditypes
tetratypes

53
Q

parental ditype is

A

parental configuration iof alleles

54
Q

what is nonparental ditype

A

four recombinant spores , two of each type

55
Q

what is tetratype

A

four different kinds of spores

2 recombinant and 2 parental

56
Q

how is RF determined in spores

A

recombinant #/ total number of spores

57
Q

second way to calculate RF

A

(NPD +1/2 (T))/ total tetrads

58
Q

how to get T tetrad progeny

A

crossover occurs between only one of the genes and the centromere

59
Q

no cross over produces what ditype

A

parental

60
Q

single crossover produces what ditype

A

tetratype

61
Q

double crossover 2 strand produces what ditype

A

parental

62
Q

DCO 3 strand produces what ditype

A

tetratype

63
Q

DCO 4 strand produces what ditype

A

nonparental

64
Q

what is first division segregation pattern (M1)

A

segregation of two alleles of a single gene at first meiotic division
imaginary line drawn between 4th and 5th ascospores
cleanly separate haploid showing the two alleles

65
Q

what is second division segregation pattern (M2)

A

crossover occurs in meiosis one
cells with only one kind of allele show up at the end of second meiotic division
not cleanly separated

66
Q

how to find mu with ascospores in M2 divisions

A

(1/2)M2/total tetrads x 100

67
Q

how do twin spots occur

A

during mitotic recombination

68
Q

what are twin spots

A

adjacent islands of tissue that differ both from each other and from the tissue surrounding them

69
Q

what is the function behind twin spots

A

when homozygous recessive phenotype cells are growing next to heterozygous cells showing dominant phenotype

70
Q

how does mitotic recombination occur

A

homologous chromosomes pair up and non sister chromatids crossover

Genetics 2.0 (13 decks)

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