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Genetics 2.0 > Chapter six, test two > Flashcards

Chapter six, test two Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where does the nitrogenous base bond with on the sugar

A

1’ carbon

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2
Q

what phage did hershey and chase use

A

T2

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3
Q

what does the backbone of Z DNA look like

A

zigzag, irregular

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4
Q

the two chains of DNA wrap around each other once every how many BP

A

10

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5
Q

number of H bonds between A and T

A

2

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6
Q

function of replisome

A

help unwind dna with helicase to form leading and lagging strand

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7
Q

what was hershey and chase experiment

A

grew two types of T2 one with radioactive phosphorous and one with radioactive sulphur centrifuge the two together to see ghost made of protein was marked with sulphur and DNA marked with phosphorous

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8
Q

how can you get genetic info without unwinding DNA

A

some atoms on major and minor groove are exposed and provide chemical info

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9
Q

if overwinding happens during replication what is this called

A

supercoiling

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10
Q

how does B DNA spiral

A

to the right

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11
Q

new combination already existing alleles arise from two different types of meiotic events

A

independent assortment and crossing over

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12
Q

what in RNA is different from DNA

A

ribose sugar Uracil usually single stranded less stable

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13
Q

what are the two grooves created by the backbones

A

major and minor

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14
Q

who discovered the structure of DNA

A

watson and crick

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15
Q

what does bacterial genetic material look like

A

singular circular chromosome lies within cell with no nuclear membrane

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16
Q

what did avery, macleod and mccarty do in their experiment

A

find the chemical composition in the transforming principle

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17
Q

what is a nucleoside composed of

A

nitrogenous base and ribose sugar

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18
Q

where will you find ss DNA

A

viruses

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19
Q

what are the two template strands called

A

leading and lagging

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20
Q

what is conservative replication

A

one of the two daughter double helixes contains only the original DNA and the other helix is the newly synthesized strands

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21
Q

what does DNA polymerase 3 do

A

add nucleotides to 3’ end

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22
Q

what are the purines

A

adenosine and guanine

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23
Q

what makes an RNA primer

A

primase primosome protein complex

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24
Q

what is classified as a somatic mutation

A

mosaic cancer

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25
Q

why are s virus smooth

A

they synthesize a polysaccharide capsule

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26
Q

what must be present before DNA POL3

A

RNA primer

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27
Q

what does DNA pol 1 do

A

replace RNA primer of the okazaki fragment with DNA error correction

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28
Q

what are some sequence specific DNA binding proteins

A

transcription factors restriction enzymes

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29
Q

how can DNA polymerase enzymes catalyze the formation of a new phosphodiester bond

A

use energy released from severing the triphosphate arm of a dNTP substrate molecule

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30
Q

what is the only difference between nucleotides

A

nitrogenous bases

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31
Q

how can a DNA polynucleotide grow

A

adding a nucleotide to the 3 end of an existing polynucleotide

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32
Q

how does Z DNA spirla

A

to the left

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33
Q

what is semiconservative replication

A

the two daughter DNA has one strand from original and one strand that is brand new

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34
Q

what is a primer

A

a short, single stranded molecule of DNA or RNA a few nucleotides long that base pairs with part of the template strand

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35
Q

what is transformation

A

ability of a substance to change the genetic characteristics of an organism

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36
Q

why did researchers believe that proteins had greater potential for diversity and better suited for genetic material

A

made of 20 amino acids and not four nitrogenous bases

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37
Q

what is the feulgen reaction

A

chromosomes redden while other areas of cell remain uncolored shows DNA localized in chromosomes

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38
Q

two separated strands of DNA in replication represent

A

the templates

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39
Q

what kind of bond is a phosphodiester bond

A

covalent bond

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40
Q

why is the conservative and dispersed replication not very good

A

doesnt show how there should be a mechanism for copying the information in the sequence of bases

41
Q

who created the X ray images of DNA

A

rosalind franklin

42
Q

in eukaryotes, how many origin of replications

A

multiple

43
Q

number of H bonds between G and C

A

3

44
Q

who came up with the name nuclein

A

freidrich Miescher

45
Q

what does helicase do

A

unwind DNA

46
Q

how many carbon and nitrogen in pyrimidines

A

6

47
Q

what is recombination

A

the generation of new allelic combinations through genetic exchange between homologous chromosomes

48
Q

what are the three strict requirements for DNA polymerase action in DNA replication

A

four dNTPs ss template primer with a free 3’ hydroxyl group

49
Q

what is the function of telomeres

A

ensure the maintenance and accurate replication of the two ends of each linear chromosome

50
Q

how to find number of ways nucleotide sequences can occur

A

4^n n= number of nucleotides long

51
Q

how are okazaki fragments added

A

using short RNA primers

52
Q

in bacteria, how many origins of replication

A

one

53
Q

what brought up the semiconservative model

A

watson and crick

54
Q

what organisms carry RNA as their genetic material

A

retroviruses

55
Q

how does the lagging strand form

A

okazaki fragments

56
Q

what organisms have circular chromosomes

A

prokaryotes mitochondria and cholorplasts some viruses

57
Q

what did Chargaff find about DNA

A

ratio between A and T and G and C are 1:1 bond together with a hydrogen bond

58
Q

what is polymerization

A

DNA POL 3 catalyzeds the joining of a new nucleotide to the preceding nucleotide through formation of phosphodiester bonds

59
Q

where does phosphate group bond with on the sugar

A

5’ carbon

60
Q

B DNA a more occurring DNA

A

yes

61
Q

phosphodiester bond, bonds what carbons together of sugars

A

3’ to 5’

62
Q

what are the pyrimadines

A

thymine cytosine uracil

63
Q

what is the transforming principle

A

substance searching for that is heritable

64
Q

is a point mutation germinal or somatic

A

germinal

65
Q

are DNA chains parallel or anti

A

anti

66
Q

who extracted a weakly acidic phosphorous rich material from nuclei from WBC

A

Friedrich Miescher

67
Q

what did avery look for in his experiments

A

the transforming principle

68
Q

what does DNA ligase do

A

covalently joins successive okazaki fragments

69
Q

what happens if chromosomes fail to recombine during prophase 1 and metaphase 1

A

cannot orient themselves towards opposite poles of meiosis 1 spindle causing nondisjunction

70
Q

what is a nucleotide composed of

A

nitrogenous base ribose sugar phosphate group

71
Q

do bacteria undergo meiosis or mitosis

A

no they go through binary fission

72
Q

what bond is used to join nucleotides together

A

phosphdiester bonds

73
Q

what is a point mutation

A

affect one or just a few base pairs in the DNA and thus alter only one gene at a time

74
Q

does heat kill the Smooth virus

A

yes

75
Q

who created the experiment that confirmed the semiconservative nature of DNA replication

A

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

76
Q

what was the significance of griffith experiment with the s and r virus

A

dead virulent cells can still transfer DNA to living non virulent cells

77
Q

what did Arthur Kornberg do

A

he isolated and purified components of the replication machinery put them in a tube and created new DNA

78
Q

who did the smooth and rough virus with mice experiment

A

frederick griffith

79
Q

what did rosalind franklin find

A

spiral shaped or helical spacing between repeating units is 3.4 A

80
Q

what is the complete turn for the helix

A

34 A

81
Q

what is the diameter of the DNA molecule

A

20 A

82
Q

what keeps the DNA helicase open

A

single stranded DNA binding proteins

83
Q

what do restriction enzymes do

A

cut DNA at particular sites

84
Q

why do RNAs have a complicated structure

A

RNA folds on itself, making it a short double strand

85
Q

how many carbon and nitrogen in purines

A

9

86
Q

what are the two stages for DNA replication

A

initiation and elongation

87
Q

how does DNA protect its own integrity

A

redundancy remarkable precision of cellular replication machinery enzymes that repair chemical damage to DNA

88
Q

DNA to DNA process is called

A

replication

89
Q

what is mutation rate

A

the probability with which a particular mutational event takes place per biological entity per reproductive cycle

90
Q

what do transcription factors do

A

turn genes on and off

91
Q

can DNA polymerase establish the first link in a new chain

A

no, it needs a primer

92
Q

what is DNA nucleotide subunit made of

A

deoxyribose phosphate group nitrogenous base

93
Q

DNA to RNA process is called

A

transcription

94
Q

what does eukaryotic chromosomes look like

A

long, linear, double helixes

95
Q

what helps with supercoiling

A

DNA topoisomerases

96
Q

what is dispersive replication

A

both daughter double helix would carry blocks of original DNA interspersed with blocks of newly synthesized material

97
Q

what is the reason for multiple origins of replication

A

ensure that copying is completed within the time alotted

98
Q

where do the forks meet in bacteria

A

termination region

Genetics 2.0 (13 decks)

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