Chapter Seven Test three

Question 1

what counts as germinal mutations

Answer 1

point mutations

Question 2

what is a point mutation

Answer 2

affects one gene

Question 3

what are examples of point mutations

Answer 3

substitution
deletion
insertion

Question 4

what counts as a somatic mutation

Answer 4

mosaicism

cancer

Question 5

what is mutation rate

Answer 5

the probability with which a particular mutational event takes place per biological entity per reproductive cycle

Question 6

what are substitution mutations

Answer 6

base replaced by other three bases

Question 7

what are the two types of substitutions

Answer 7

transitions and transversions

Question 8

what is a transition mutation

Answer 8

purine replace purine

pyrimidine replace pyrimidine

Question 9

what is a transversion mutation

Answer 9

purine change to pyrimidine or vice versa

Question 10

who discovered that x-rays are mutagenic

Answer 10

HJ muller

Question 11

how did muller show x rays are mutagenic

Answer 11

marker chromosome from female mated with male affected by x ray
express gametes

Question 12

what is a forward muation

Answer 12

wild type allele changed to different allele (recessive or dominant to w+)

Question 13

what is a reverse mutation

Answer 13

mutant allele to wild type

aka reversion

Question 14

what is a deletion mutation

Answer 14

block of one or more nucleotides lost from DNA

Question 15

what is an insertion mutation

Answer 15

addition of one or more nucleotides

Question 16

what are the mutations rate for spontaneous mutations

Answer 16

very low rate

20 to 43 new nucleotide changes per gamete per cell generations in humans

Question 17

which genes have better chance of mutation

Answer 17

larger genes

Question 18

do eukaryotes or prokaryotes mutate more

Answer 18

eukaryotes due to more cell division

Question 19

is reversion or forward mutation more frequent

Answer 19

forward

Question 20

sperm or oogenes more susceptible to mutations

Answer 20

sperm bc of more cell division

Question 21

what does hydrolysis do to a purine

Answer 21

depurination
occurs 1000 times an hour in every cell
create apurinic site, putting random base to compliment

Question 22

what is deamination

Answer 22

removes NH2 group
changing C to U
inducing a substitution to an A-T base pair after replication

Question 23

what do X rays do to nucleotides

Answer 23

break DNA backbone

Question 24

what does UV light do to nucleotides

Answer 24

produce thymine dimers

Question 25

what does oxidation do to nucleotides

Answer 25

damages individual bases, mispairing

Question 26

how do you fix a mutation in DNA

Answer 26

excise mutated area with endonucleases

use DNA pol to add new nucleotides and ligase attaches

Question 27

what enzyme is needed to excise mutated nucleotides

Answer 27

endonucleases

Question 28

what did Garrod recognize with mutations

Answer 28

enzyme present shows wildtype

enzyme not present then mutations

Question 29

if enzyme not present for phenylalanine then

Answer 29

phenylketonuria

PKU

Question 30

if enzyme not present for tyrosine

Answer 30

albinism

Question 31

if enzyme not present for homogentisic acid

Answer 31

alkaptonuria

Question 32

what did luria and delbruck discover

Answer 32

bacterial resistance arises from mutations that exist before exposure to bacteriophage

Question 33

what is the replica plating technique

Answer 33

invert master plate on velvet, invert velvet on new plate, incubate plate, look to see what grows, only penicillin resistant grows and compare to original plate
mutations already occur

Question 34

what is an auxotroph

Answer 34

need nutrients that were not there

Met-

Question 35

what is a prototroph

Answer 35

dont need additional nutrients

Met+

Question 36

what happens to mutated prototrophs

Answer 36

lead to nutritional deficiencies

Question 37

one gene one…

Answer 37

polypeptide hypothesis