Chapter Two: Body Structure

Question 1

levels of organization from smallest to largest

Answer 1

chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

Question 2

the cell

Answer 2

carries out metabolism
basic unit of living organisms
energy provided in the form of the chemical adenosine triphosphate (atp)

Question 3

chromosomes

Answer 3

carry out genetic information

46 chromosomes total in every cell (except sex cells)

Question 4

chromosomes

Answer 4

carry genetic information

46 chromosomes in every cell (except in sex cells, sperm and egg)

Question 5

genes

Answer 5

separate units of deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)

control formation of enzymes (needed for metabolic reactions

Question 6

four basic types of tissues

Answer 6

epithelial
connective
muscle (my/o)
nervous (neur/o)

Question 7

epithelial tissue

Answer 7

covers an organisms body

provides protection

Question 8

connective tissue (most abundant)

Answer 8

blood
bone
cartilage
adipose
tendons
ligaments

Question 9

muscle tissue

Answer 9

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

Question 10

nervous tissue

Answer 10

brain
spinal cords
nerves

Question 11

organs

Answer 11

composed of tissues

grouped into systems

Question 12

systems

Answer 12

have specific function
work together, not independently
maintains homeostasis - keeping the body in balance and stable
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Question 13

cephal/o

Answer 13

head

Question 14

cervic/o

Answer 14

neck

Question 15

thorac/o

Answer 15

chest, thorax

Question 16

abdomin/o

Answer 16

abdomen

Question 17

celi/o

Answer 17

abdomen

Question 18

lapar/o

Answer 18

abdominal wall

Question 19

lumb/o

Answer 19

lumbar region, lower back

Question 20

periton, peritone/o

Answer 20

peritoneum

Question 21

acro

Answer 21

extremity, end

Question 22

brachi/o

Answer 22

arm

Question 23

dactyl/o

Answer 23

finger, toe

Question 24

ped/o

Answer 24

foot or child

Question 25

pod/o

Answer 25

foot

Question 26

anatomic position

Answer 26

beginning reference point | body upright, facing front, arms at side with palms forward, feet parallel

Question 27

anterior (ventral)

Answer 27

toward or at the front (belly) of the body

Question 28

posterior (dorsal)

Answer 28

toward or at the back (dorsum) of the body

Question 29

medial

Answer 29

toward the midline of the body

Question 30

lateral

Answer 30

toward the side of the body (away from the midline)

Question 31

proximal (closer to)

Answer 31

nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point

Question 32

distal (farther away from)

Answer 32

farther from the point of attachment or to a given reference point

Question 33

superior

Answer 33

above, in a higher position

Question 34

inferior

Answer 34

below, in a lower position

Question 35

cranial (cephalad)

Answer 35

toward the head

Question 36

caudal

Answer 36

toward the lower end of the spine (Latin cauda means "tail"), in humans, in an inferior direction

Question 37

superficial (external)

Answer 37

closer to the surface of the body

Question 38

deep (internal)

Answer 38

closer to the center of the body

Question 39

planes of section

Answer 39

frontal (coronal) plane - splits the front and back of the body sagittal plane - splits the body into left and right sides transverse (horizontal) plane - splits the body into top and bottom portions

Question 40

body cavities

Answer 40

``` cranial cavity (dorsal) spinal cavity (dorsal) - each vertebra contains a foramen; foramina (opening(s)) thoracic cavity - diaphragm - abdominopelvic cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity - peritoneum ```

Question 41

supine

Answer 41

face up

Question 42

pone

Answer 42

face down

Question 43

abdominal regions

Answer 43

top row: right hypochondriac l epigastric l left hypochondriac middle row: right lumbar l umbilical l left lumbar bottom row: right iliac l hypogastric l left iliac

Question 44

abdomen quadrants

Answer 44

top two: right upper quadrant (RUQ); left upper quadrant (LUQ) bottom two: right lower quadrant (RLQ); left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Question 45

circum-

Answer 45

around

Question 46

peri-

Answer 46

around

Question 47

intra-

Answer 47

in, within

Question 48

epi-

Answer 48

on, over

Question 49

extra-

Answer 49

outside

Question 50

infra-

Answer 50

below (also indicates degree)

Question 51

sub- (also indicates degree)

Answer 51

below, under

Question 52

inter

Answer 52

between

Question 53

para-

Answer 53

near beside

Question 54

retro-

Answer 54

behind, backward

Question 55

supra-

Answer 55

above