Chapter Two: Body Structure Flashcards
levels of organization from smallest to largest
chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism
the cell
carries out metabolism
basic unit of living organisms
energy provided in the form of the chemical adenosine triphosphate (atp)
chromosomes
carry out genetic information
46 chromosomes total in every cell (except sex cells)
chromosomes
carry genetic information
46 chromosomes in every cell (except in sex cells, sperm and egg)
genes
separate units of deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)
control formation of enzymes (needed for metabolic reactions
four basic types of tissues
epithelial
connective
muscle (my/o)
nervous (neur/o)
epithelial tissue
covers an organisms body
provides protection
connective tissue (most abundant)
blood bone cartilage adipose tendons ligaments
muscle tissue
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
nervous tissue
brain
spinal cords
nerves
organs
composed of tissues
grouped into systems
systems
have specific function
work together, not independently
maintains homeostasis - keeping the body in balance and stable
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
cephal/o
head
cervic/o
neck
thorac/o
chest, thorax
abdomin/o
abdomen
celi/o
abdomen
lapar/o
abdominal wall
lumb/o
lumbar region, lower back
periton, peritone/o
peritoneum
acro
extremity, end
brachi/o
arm
dactyl/o
finger, toe
ped/o
foot or child
pod/o
foot
anatomic position
beginning reference point
body upright, facing front, arms at side with palms forward, feet parallel
anterior (ventral)
toward or at the front (belly) of the body
posterior (dorsal)
toward or at the back (dorsum) of the body
medial
toward the midline of the body
lateral
toward the side of the body (away from the midline)
proximal (closer to)
nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point
distal (farther away from)
farther from the point of attachment or to a given reference point
superior
above, in a higher position
inferior
below, in a lower position
cranial (cephalad)
toward the head
caudal
toward the lower end of the spine (Latin cauda means “tail”), in humans, in an inferior direction
superficial (external)
closer to the surface of the body
deep (internal)
closer to the center of the body
planes of section
frontal (coronal) plane - splits the front and back of the body
sagittal plane - splits the body into left and right sides
transverse (horizontal) plane - splits the body into top and bottom portions
body cavities
cranial cavity (dorsal) spinal cavity (dorsal) - each vertebra contains a foramen; foramina (opening(s)) thoracic cavity - diaphragm - abdominopelvic cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity - peritoneum
supine
face up
pone
face down
abdominal regions
top row: right hypochondriac l epigastric l left hypochondriac
middle row: right lumbar l umbilical l left lumbar
bottom row: right iliac l hypogastric l left iliac
abdomen quadrants
top two: right upper quadrant (RUQ); left upper quadrant (LUQ)
bottom two: right lower quadrant (RLQ); left lower quadrant (LLQ)
circum-
around
peri-
around
intra-
in, within
epi-
on, over
extra-
outside
infra-
below (also indicates degree)
sub- (also indicates degree)
below, under
inter
between
para-
near beside
retro-
behind, backward
supra-
above
