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Anatomy > Chapter 7 Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

neur/o

neur/i

A

nervous system, nervous tissue, nerve

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2
Q

gli/o

A

neuroglia

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3
Q

gangli/o

ganglion/o

A

ganglion

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4
Q

mening/o

meninge/o

A

meninges

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5
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord (also bone marrow)

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6
Q

radicul/o

A

spinal nerve root

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7
Q

-phasia

A

speech

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8
Q

-lalia

A

speech, babble

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9
Q

-lexia

A

reading

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10
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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11
Q

-paresis*

A

partial paralysis

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12
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

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13
Q

-phobia*

A

persistent, irrational fear

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14
Q

-mania*

A

excited state, obsession

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15
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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16
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum (loosely, brain)

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17
Q

cortic/o

A

cerebral cortex, outer portion

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18
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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19
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

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20
Q

ventricul/o

A

cavity, ventricle

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21
Q

medull/o

A

medulla oblongata (also spinal cord)

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22
Q

psych/o

A

mind

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23
Q

narc/o

A

stupor, unconsciousness

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24
Q

somn/o

somn/i

A

sleep

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25
Q

afferent

A

carrying toward a given point, such as the sensory neurons and nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS (root fer means “to carry”)

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26
Q

arachnoid mater

A

the middle layer of the meninges (from the Greek word for spider, because this tissue resembles a spider web)

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27
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

the division of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities, controlling smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands; the visceral nervous system

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28
Q

axon

A

the fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body

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29
Q

brainstem

A

the part of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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30
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

cerebellum

A

the posterior portion of the brain dorsal to the pons and medulla; helps to coordinate movement and to maintain balance and posture (cerebellum means “little brain”) (root: cerebell/o)

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32
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the cerebrum’s thin surface layer of gray matter (the cortex is the outer region of an organ) (root: cortic/o)

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33
Q

cerebrum

A

the large upper portion of the brain; it is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure (root: cerebr/o)

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34
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

the watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord as a protection

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35
Q

cranial nerves

A

the 12 pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain

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36
Q

dendrite

A

a fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body

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37
Q

dura mater

A

the strong, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges

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38
Q

efferent

A

carrying away from a given point, such as the motor neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS (root fer means “to carry”)

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39
Q

ganglion

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS (plural: ganglia) (root: gangli/o, ganglion/o)

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40
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated tissue of the nervous system

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41
Q

gyrus

A

a raised convolution of the surface of the cerebrum (plural: gyri)

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42
Q

hypothalamus

A

the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and maintains homeostasis

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43
Q

interneuron

A

any neuron located between a sensory and a motor neuron in a neural pathway, such as the neurons that transmit impulses within the CNS

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44
Q

medulla oblongata

A

the portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. It has vital centers for control of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure (root: medull/o). Often called simply medulla

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45
Q

meninges

A

the three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

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46
Q

midbrain

A

the part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons; contains centers for coordination of reflexes for vision and hearing

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47
Q

motor

A

producing movement; describes neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS

48
Q

myelin

A

a whitish, fatty substance that surrounds certain axons of the nervous system

49
Q

neuroglia

A

the supportive cells of the nervous system; also called glial cells (from glia meaning “glue;” root: gli/o)

50
Q

neuron

A

the basic unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell

51
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical that transmits energy across a synapse. Examples are norepinephrine (nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin), acetylcholine (ah-se-til-KO-lene), serotonin (ser-o-TO-nin), and dopamine (DO-pah-mene)

52
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of nerve cell fibers outside the CNS (root: neur/o)

53
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the part of the automatic nervous system that reverses the response to stress and restores homeostasis. It slows heart rate and respiration rate and stimulates activity of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

54
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the portion of the nervous system outside the CNS

55
Q

pia mater

A

the innermost layer of the meninges

56
Q

pons

A

a rounded area on the ventral surface of the brainstem; contains fibers that connect regions of the brain; adjective: pontine (PON-tene)

57
Q

reflex

A

a simple, rapid, and automatic response to a stimulus

58
Q

root

A

a branch of a spinal nerve that connects with the spinal cord; the dorsal (posterior) root joins the dorsal gray horn of the spinal cord; the ventral (anterior) root joins the ventral gray horn of the spinal cord (root: radicul/o)

59
Q

sensory

A

describing neurons that carry impulses toward the CNS

60
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the division of the nervous system that controls skeletal (voluntary) muscles

61
Q

spinal cord

A

the nervous tissue contained within the spinal column; extends from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra (root: myel/o)

62
Q

spinal nerves

A

the 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord

63
Q

sulcus

A

a shallow furrow or groove, as on the surface of the cerebrum (plural: sulci)

64
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes a response to stress; increases heart rate and respiration rate and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles

65
Q

synapse

A

the junction between two neurons; also the junction between a motor neuron and a muscle or gland

66
Q

thalamus

A

the part of the brain that receives all sensory impulses, except those for the sense of smell, and directs them to the proper portion of the cerebral cortex (root: thalam/o)

67
Q

tract

A

a bundle of nerve cell fibers within the CNS

68
Q

ventricle

A

a small cavity, such as one of the cavities in the brain in which CSF is produced (root: ventricul/o)

69
Q

white matter

A

myelinated tissue of the nervous system

70
Q

Alzheimer disease (AD)

A

a form of dementia caused by atrophy of the cerebral cortex; presenile dementia

71
Q

aneurysm

A

a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel that results from weakness of the vessel wall; an aneurysm may eventually burst

72
Q

aphasia

A

specifically, loss or defect in speech communication (from Greek phasis, meaning “speech”). In practice, the term is applied more broadly to a range of language disorders, both spoken and written. May affect ability to understand speech (receptive aphasia) or the ability to produce speech (expressive aphasia). Both forms are combined in global aphasia

73
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of cerebral blood flow; possible causes are atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke

74
Q

coma

A

state of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused

75
Q

concussion

A

injury resulting from a violent blow or shock; a concussion of the brain usually results in loss of consciousness

76
Q

confusion

A

a state of reduced comprehension, coherence, and reasoning ability resulting in inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli

77
Q

convulsion

A

a series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions. A tonic convulsion involves prolonged contraction of the muscles; in a clonic convulsion there is alternation of contraction and relaxation. Both forms appear in grand mal epilepsy

78
Q

dementia

A

a gradual and usually irreversible loss of intellectual function

79
Q

embolism

A

obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other material carried in the circulation

80
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

81
Q

epidural hematoma

A

accumulation of blood in the epidural space (between the dura mater and the skull)

82
Q

epilepsy

A

a chronic disease involving periodic sudden bursts of electric activity from the brain, resulting in seizures

83
Q

hemiparesis

A

partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body

84
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one side of the body

85
Q

hydrocephalus

A

increased accumulation of CSF in or around the brain as a result of obstruction to flow. May be caused by tumor, inflammation, hemorrhage, or congenital abnormality

86
Q

insomnia

A

insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite ample opportunity to sleep

87
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

88
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

a chronic, progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS

89
Q

narcolepsy

A

brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day

90
Q

paralysis

A

temporary or permanent loss of function. Flaccid paralysis involves loss of muscle tone and reflexes and degeneration of muscles. Spastic paralysis involves excess muscle tone and reflexes but no degeneration

91
Q

parkinsonism

A

a disorder originating in the basal ganglia and characterized by slow movements, tremor, rigidity, and mask-like face. Also called Parkinson disease

92
Q

seizure

A

a sudden attack, as seen in epilepsy. The most common forms of seizure are tonic–clonic, or grand mal (gran mal) (from French, meaning “great illness”); absence seizure, or petit mal (pet-E mal), meaning “small illness;” and psychomotor seizure

93
Q

shingles

A

an acute viral infection that follows nerve pathways causing small lesions on the skin. Caused by reactivation of the virus that also causes chickenpox (varicella–zoster virus). Also called herpes zoster (HER-peze ZOS-ter)

94
Q

sleep apnea

A

brief periods of breathing cessation during sleep

95
Q

subdural hematoma

A

accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater

96
Q

thrombosis

A

development of a blood clot within a vessel

97
Q

tremor

A

a shaking or involuntary movement

98
Q

anxiety

A

a feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread

99
Q

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

a condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by attention problems, easy boredom, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity

100
Q

autism

A

a disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, lack of response to social contact and affection, preoccupations, stereotyped behavior, and resistance to change (from auto-, “self” and -ism, “condition of”)

101
Q

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

a disability that falls within a range of neurodevelopmental impairments that appears early in life and affects social interactions and communications skills

102
Q

bipolar disorder

A

a form of depression with episodes of mania (a state of elation); manic depressive illness

103
Q

delusion

A

a false belief inconsistent with knowledge and experience

104
Q

CP

A

cerebral palsy

105
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

106
Q

DTR

A

deep tendon reflexes

107
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogra (m) (ph(y))

108
Q

GAD

A

generalized anxiety disorder

109
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure

110
Q

LMN

A

lower motor neuron

111
Q

LOC

A

level of consciousness

112
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

113
Q

RAS

A

reticular activating system

114
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement (sleep)

115
Q

TBI

A

traumatic brain injury

thrombotic brain injurt

116
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

117
Q

UMN

A

upper motor neuron

Anatomy (15 decks)

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