Chapter 12 Respiratory System Flashcards
-pnea
breathing
-oxia
level of oxygen
-capnia
level of carbon dioxide
-phonia
voice
nas/o
nose
rhin/o
nose
pharyng/o
pharynx
laryng/o
larynx
trache/o
trachea
bronch/o
bronch/i
bronchus
bronchiol
bronchiole
phren/o
diaphragm
phrenic/o
phrenic nerve
pleur/o
pleura
pulm/o
pulmon/o
lung
pneumon/o
lung
pneum/o
pneumat/o
air, gas, respiration, lung
spir/o
breathing
adenoids
lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils
alveoli
the tiny air sacs in the lungs through which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the blood in respiration (singular: alveolus). An alveolus, in general, is a small hollow or cavity; the term is also used to describe the bony socket for a tooth
bronchiole
one of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes (root: bronchiol)
bronchus
one of the larger air passageways in the lungs. The bronchi begin as two branches of the trachea and then subdivide within the lungs (plural: bronchi) (root: bronch)
carbon dioxide (CO2)
a gas produced by energy metabolism in cells and eliminated through the lungs
compliance
a measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure. Compliance is reduced in many types of respiratory disorders
diaphragm
the dome-shaped muscle under under the lungs that flattens during inspiration (root: phren/o)
epiglottis
a leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea
expectoration
the act of coughing up material from the respiratory tract; also the material thus released; sputum
expiration
the act of breathing out or expelling air from the lungs; exhalation
glottis
the opening between the vocal cords
hemoglobin
the iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen
inspiration
the act of drawing air into the lungs; inhalation
larynx
the enlarged upper end of the trachea that contains the vocal cords (root: laryng/o)
lung
A cone-shaped spongy organ of respiration contained within the thorax (roots: pneum, pulm)
mediastinum
the space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space
nose
the organ of the face used for breathing and for housing receptors for the sense of smell; includes an external portion and an internal nasal cavity (roots: nas/o, rhin/o)
oxygen (O2)
the gas needed by cells to release energy from food during metabolism
pharynx
the throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o)
phrenic nerve
the nerve that activates the diaphragm (root: phrenic/o)
pleura
a double-layered membrane that lines the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and covers the lungs (visceral pleura) (root: pleur/o)
pleural space
the thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura; pleural cavity
pulmonary ventilation
the movement of air into and out of the lungs
sinus
a cavity or channel; the paranasal sinuses are located near the nose and drain into the nasal cavity
sputum
the substance released by coughing or clearing the throat; expectoration. It may contain a variety of material from the respiratory tract
surfactant
a substance that decreases surface tension within the alveoli and eases lung expansion.
trachea
the air passageway that extends from the larynx to the bronchi (root: trache/o)
turbinate bones
the bony projections in the nasal cavity that contain receptors for the sense of smell. Also called conchae (KON-kē)
vocal folds
membranous folds on either side of the larynx that are important in speech production. Also called vocal folds
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
pulmonary edema that can lead rapidly to fatal respiratory failure; causes include trauma, aspiration into the lungs, viral pneumonia, and drug reactions; shock lung
acute rhinitis
inflammation of the nasal mucosa with sneezing, tearing, and profuse secretion of watery mucus, as seen in the common cold
aspiration
the accidental inhalation of food or other foreign material into the lungs. Also means the withdrawal of fluid from a cavity by suction
asthma
a disease characterized by dyspnea and wheezing caused by spasm of the bronchial tubes or swelling of their mucous membranes
bronchitis
inflammation of a bronchus
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
any of a group of chronic, progressive, and debilitating respiratory diseases, which includes emphysema, asthma, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood (adjective: cyanotic)
cystic fibrosis (CF)
an inherited disease that affects the pancreas, respiratory system, and sweat glands. Characterized by mucus accumulation in the bronchi causing obstruction and leading to infection
dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing, sometimes with pain; “air hunger”
emphysema
a chronic pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement and destruction of the alveoli
hemoptysis
the spitting of blood from the mouth or respiratory tract (ptysis means “spitting”)
hyperventilation
increased rate and depth of breathing; increase in the amount of air entering the alveoli
hypoventilation
condition in which the amount of air entering the alveoli is insufficient to meet metabolic needs and blood carbon dioxide increases to levels above normal
influenza
an acute, contagious respiratory infection causing fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain; “flu”
pertussis
an acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough ending in a whooping inspiration; whooping cough
pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. The fluid may contain blood (hemothorax) or pus (pyothorax or empyema)
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura; pleuritis. A symptom of pleurisy is sharp pain on breathing
pneumoconiosis
disease of the respiratory tract caused by inhalation of dust particles. Named more specifically by the type of dust inhaled, such as silicosis, anthracosis, asbestosis
pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs generally caused by infection. May involve the bronchioles and alveoli (bronchopneumonia) or one or more lobes of the lung (lobar pneumonia)
pneumonitis
inflammation of the lungs; may follow infection or be caused by asthma, allergy, or inhalation of irritants
pneumothorax
accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space. May result from injury or disease or may be produced artificially to collapse a lung
pyothorax
accumulation of pus in the pleural space; empyema
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
a respiratory disorder that affects premature infants born without enough surfactant in the lungs. It is treated with respiratory support and surfactant administration
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
the sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant; crib death
tuberculosis
an infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Often involves the lungs but may involve other parts of the body as well. Miliary (MIL-ē-ar-ē) tuberculosis is an acute generalized form of the disease with formation of minute tubercles that resemble millet seeds
arterial blood gases (ABGs)
the concentrations of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, in arterial blood. Reported as the partial pressure (P) of the gas in arterial (a) blood, such as PaO2 or PaCO2. These measurements are important in measuring acid–base balance
bronchoscope
an endoscope used to examine the tracheobronchial passageways. Also allows access for biopsy of tissue or removal of a foreign object
lung scan
study based on the accumulation of radioactive isotope in lung tissue. A ventilation scan measures ventilation after inhalation of radioactive material. A perfusion scan measures blood supply to the lungs after injection of radioactive material. Also called a pulmonary scintiscan
pulse oximetry
determination of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood by means of a photoelectric apparatus (oximeter), usually placed on the finger or the ear; reported as SpO2 in percent
pulmonary function tests
tests done to assess breathing, usually by spirometry
spirometer
an apparatus used to measure breathing volumes and capacities; record of test is a spirogram
thoracentesis
surgical puncture of the chest for removal of air or fluids, such as may accumulate after surgery or as a result of injury, infection, or cardiovascular problems. Also called thoracocentesis
tuberculin test
a skin test for tuberculosis. Tuberculin (PPD), the test material made from products of the tuberculosis organism, is injected below the skin. A hard, raised lump appearing with 48 to 72 hours indicates an active or inactive TB infection. Also called the Mantoux (man-TOO) test
ABG(s)
arterial blood gas(es)
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome; shock lung
ARF
acute respiratory failure
BS
breath sounds
CF
cystic fibrosis
CO2
carbon dioxide
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
LLL
lower left lobe (of lung)
LUL
left upper lobe (of lung)
O2
oxygen
PaCO2
arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide
PaO2
arterial partial pressure of oxygen
RLL
right lower lobe (of lung)
RML
right middle lobe (of lung)
RUL
right upper lobe (of lung)
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome
SpO2
oxygen percent saturation
TB
tuberculosis
