Chapter 9 Endocrine Flashcards
endocrin/o
endocrine glands or system
pituitar/i
pituitary gland, hypophysis
hypophysi/o
pituitary gland, hypophysis
thyr/o
thyroid/o
thyroid gland
parathyr/o
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
adren/o
adrenal/o
adrenal gland, epinephrine
adrenocortic/o
adrenal cortex
insul/o
pancreatic islets
adrenal gland
a gland on the superior surface of the kidney. The outer region (cortex) secretes steroid hormones; the inner region (medulla) secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) in response to stress (root: adren/o)
endocrine
pertaining to a ductless gland that secretes hormones into the blood
hormone
a secretion of an endocrine gland. A substance that travels in the blood and has a regulatory effect on tissues, organs, or glands
hypophysis
the pituitary gland (root: hypophys); named from hypo, meaning “below,” and physis, meaning “growing,” because the gland grows below the hypothalamus
hypothalamus
a portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and is active in maintaining homeostasis
pancreatic islet
cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secretes hormones to regulate glucose metabolism; also called islet of Langerhans or islet cells (root insul/o means “island”)
parathyroid gland
a small endocrine gland on the posterior thyroid that acts to increase blood calcium levels; there are usually four to six parathyroid glands (roots: parathyr/o, parathyroid/o); the name literally means “near the thyroid”
pineal gland
a small gland in the brain. Appears to regulate mood, daily rhythms, and sexual development in response to environmental light. Secretes the hormone melatonin
pituitary gland
a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain. The anterior lobe secretes growth hormone and hormones that stimulate other glands; the posterior lobe releases ADH and oxytocin manufactured in the hypothalamus (root: pituitar/i); hypophysis
prostaglandins
a group of hormones produced throughout the body that have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions and regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, and inflammation
receptor
a site on the cell membrane or within the cell to which a substance, such as a hormone, attaches
steroid hormone
a hormone made from lipids and including the sex hormones and the hormones of the adrenal cortex
target tissue
the specific tissue on which a hormone acts; may also be called the target organ
thyroid gland
an endocrine gland on either side of the larynx and upper trachea. It secretes hormones that affect metabolism and growth (roots: thyr/o, thyroid/o)
glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test
a test that measures the binding of glucose to hemoglobin during the lifespan of a red blood cell. It reflects the average blood glucose level over two to three months and is useful in evaluating long-term therapy for diabetes mellitus. Also called A1c test
glycosuria
excess sugar in the urine
