Chapter 9 Endocrine Flashcards
endocrin/o
endocrine glands or system
pituitar/i
pituitary gland, hypophysis
hypophysi/o
pituitary gland, hypophysis
thyr/o
thyroid/o
thyroid gland
parathyr/o
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
adren/o
adrenal/o
adrenal gland, epinephrine
adrenocortic/o
adrenal cortex
insul/o
pancreatic islets
adrenal gland
a gland on the superior surface of the kidney. The outer region (cortex) secretes steroid hormones; the inner region (medulla) secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) in response to stress (root: adren/o)
endocrine
pertaining to a ductless gland that secretes hormones into the blood
hormone
a secretion of an endocrine gland. A substance that travels in the blood and has a regulatory effect on tissues, organs, or glands
hypophysis
the pituitary gland (root: hypophys); named from hypo, meaning “below,” and physis, meaning “growing,” because the gland grows below the hypothalamus
hypothalamus
a portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and is active in maintaining homeostasis
pancreatic islet
cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secretes hormones to regulate glucose metabolism; also called islet of Langerhans or islet cells (root insul/o means “island”)
parathyroid gland
a small endocrine gland on the posterior thyroid that acts to increase blood calcium levels; there are usually four to six parathyroid glands (roots: parathyr/o, parathyroid/o); the name literally means “near the thyroid”
pineal gland
a small gland in the brain. Appears to regulate mood, daily rhythms, and sexual development in response to environmental light. Secretes the hormone melatonin
pituitary gland
a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain. The anterior lobe secretes growth hormone and hormones that stimulate other glands; the posterior lobe releases ADH and oxytocin manufactured in the hypothalamus (root: pituitar/i); hypophysis
prostaglandins
a group of hormones produced throughout the body that have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions and regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, and inflammation
receptor
a site on the cell membrane or within the cell to which a substance, such as a hormone, attaches
steroid hormone
a hormone made from lipids and including the sex hormones and the hormones of the adrenal cortex
target tissue
the specific tissue on which a hormone acts; may also be called the target organ
thyroid gland
an endocrine gland on either side of the larynx and upper trachea. It secretes hormones that affect metabolism and growth (roots: thyr/o, thyroid/o)
glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test
a test that measures the binding of glucose to hemoglobin during the lifespan of a red blood cell. It reflects the average blood glucose level over two to three months and is useful in evaluating long-term therapy for diabetes mellitus. Also called A1c test
glycosuria
excess sugar in the urine
hyperglycemia
excess glucose in the blood
hypoglycemia
abnormally low level of glucose in the blood
insulin shock
a condition resulting from an overdose of insulin, causing hypoglycemia
ketoacidosis
acidosis (increased acidity of body fluids) caused by an excess of ketone bodies, as in diabetes mellitus; diabetic acidosis
metabolic syndrome
a state of hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to insulin, as seen in type 2 diabetes, in association with other metabolic disorders; syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome
A1c
glycated hemoglobin (test)
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
BS
blood sugar
CSII
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
DM
diabetes mellitus
FBG
fasting blood glucose
FBS
fasting blood sugar
FPG
fasting plasma glucose
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
GDM
gestational diabetes mellitus
GH
growth hormone
HbA1c
hemoglobin A1c; glycated hemoglobin
IFG
impaired fasting blood glucose
IGT
impaired glucose tolerance
LH
luteinizing hormone
MEN
multiple endocrine neoplasia
OGTT
oral glucose tolerance test
PRL
prolactin
