Chapter 16 Female Reproductive System Flashcards
gyn/o
gynec/o
woman
men/o
mens
month, menstration
oo
ovum, egg cell
ov/o
ovul/o
ovum, egg cell
ovari/o
ovary
oophor/o
ovary
sapling/o
tube, uterine tube
uter/o
uterus
metr/o
metr/i
uterus
hyster/o
uterus
cervic/o
cervix, neck
vagin/o
vagina
colp/o
vagina
vulv/o
vulva
episi/o
vulva
perine/o
perineum
clitor/o
clitoris
mamm/o
breast, mammary gland
mast/o
breast, mammary gland
cervix
neck. Usually means the lower narrow portion (neck) of the uterus (root: cervic/o); cervix uteri (U-ter-i)
clitoris
a small erectile body anterior to the urethral opening that is similar in origin to the penis (root: clitor/o, clitorid/o)
contraception
the prevention of pregnancy
endometrium
inner lining of the uterus
estrogen
a group of hormones that produce female characteristics and prepare the uterus for the fertilized egg. The most active of these is estradiol
fimbriae
the long finger-like extensions of the oviduct that wave to capture the released ovum (singular: fimbria)
fallopian tube
see uterine tube
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the female, it stimulates ripening of the ova in the ovary
labia majora
the two large folds of skin that form the sides of the vulva (root labi/o means “lip”) (singular: labium majus)
labia minora
the two small folds of skin within the labia majora (singular: labium minus)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the female, it stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
mammary gland
a specialized gland capable of secreting milk in the female; the breast (root: mamm/o, mast/o)
menarche
the first menstrual period, which normally occurs during puberty
menopause
cessation of menstrual cycles in the female
menstruation
the cyclic discharge of blood and mucosal tissues from the lining of the nonpregnant uterus (root: men/o, mens); menstrual period, menses (MEN-seze)
myometrium
the muscular wall of the uterus
ovary
a female gonad
ovulation
the release of a mature ovum from the ovary (from ovule, meaning “little egg”)
ovum
the female gamete or reproductive cell (plural: ova) (root: oo, ov/o)
perineum
the region between the thighs from the external genitals to the anus (root: perine/o)
progesterone
a hormone produced by the corpus luteum and the placenta that maintains the endometrium for pregnancy
tubal ligation
surgical constriction of the oviducts to produce sterilization
uterine tube
a tube extending from the upper lateral portion of the uterus that carries the ovum to the uterus (root: salping/o). Also called fallopian tube
uterus
the organ that receives the fertilized egg and maintains the developing offspring during pregnancy (root: uter/o, metr, hyster/o)
vagina
the muscular tube between the cervix and the vulva (root: vagin/o, colp/o)
vulva
the external female genital organs (root: vulv/o, episi/o)
candidiasis
infection with the fungus Candida, a common cause of vaginitis
dysmenorrhea
painful or difficult menstruation. A common disorder that may be caused by infection, use of an intrauterine device, endometriosis, overproduction of prostaglandins, or other factors
endometriosis
growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, usually in the pelvic cavity
fibroid
benign tumor of smooth muscle (see leiomyoma)
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
condition caused by the spread of infection from the reproductive tract into the pelvic cavity. Commonly caused by sexually transmitted gonorrhea and chlamydial infections
salpingitis
inflammation of the oviduct; typically caused by urinary tract infection or sexually transmitted infection. Chronic salpingitis may lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancy (development of the fertilized egg outside of the uterus)
vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina
colposcope
instrument for examining the vagina and cervix
dilation and curettage (D&C)
procedure in which the cervix is dilated (widened) and the uterine lining is scraped with a curette
hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus. Most commonly done because of tumors. Often the oviducts and ovaries are removed as well
mammography
radiographic study of the breast for the detection of breast cancer
mastectomy
excision of the breast to eliminate malignancy
oophorectomy
excision of an ovary
pap smear
study of cells collected from the cervix and vagina for early detection of cancer. Also called Papanicolaou smear or Pap test.
salpingectomy
surgical removal of the oviduct
sentinel node biopsy
biopsy of the first lymph nodes to receive drainage from a tumor; used to determine spread of cancer in planning treatment
stereotactic biopsy
needle biopsy using a computer-guided imaging system to locate suspicious tissue and remove samples for study
tomosynthesis
three-dimensional x-ray imaging technique for detection of breast cancer; digital tomosynthesis
BRCA1
breast cancer gene 1
BRCA 2
breast cancer gene 2
BSE
brest self-examination
BSO
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
BV
bacterial vaginosis
D&C
dilation and curettage
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
GYN
gynecology; gynecologist
HPV
human papillomavirus
IUD
intrauterine device
CIN
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
LH
luteinizing hormone
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
PMS
PCOS
polycystic ovarian syndrome
PMS
premenstrual syndrome
TAH
total abdominal hysterectomy
TSS
toxic shock syndrome
VD
venereal disease (sexually transmitted)
amnio
amnion, amniotic sac
embry/o
embryo
fet/o
fetus
toc/o
labor
nat/i
birth
lact/o
milk
galact/o
milk
gravida
pregnant woman
para
woman who has given birth
amniotic sac
the membranous sac filled with fluid that holds the fetus; also called amnion (root: amnio)
apgar score
a system of rating an infant’s physical condition immediately after birth. Five features are rated as 0, 1, or 2 at one and five minutes after delivery and sometimes thereafter
chorion
the outermost layer of the embryo that, with the endometrium, forms the placenta (adjective: chorionic)
colostrum
breast fluid that is secreted in the first few days after giving birth, before milk is produced
ductus arteriosus
a fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta, thus allowing blood to bypass the lungs
embryo
the stage in development between the zygote and the fetus, extending from the second through the eighth week of growth in the uterus (root: embry/o); adjective: embryonic
fertilization
the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon
fetus
the developing child in the uterus from the third month to birth (root: fet/o); adjective: fetal
foramen ovale
a small hole in the interatrial septum in the fetal heart that allows blood to pass directly from the right to the left side of the heart
gestation
the period of development from conception to birth
gravida
pregnant woman
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
a hormone secreted by the embryo early in pregnancy that maintains the corpus luteum so that it will continue to secrete hormones
lactation
the secretion of milk from the mammary glands
oxytocin
a pituitary hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus. It also stimulates release (“letdown”) of milk from the breasts
para
woman who has produced a viable infant. Multiple births are considered as single pregnancies
parturition
childbirth (root: nat/i); labor (root: toc/o)
placenta
the organ, composed of fetal and maternal tissues, that nourishes and maintains the developing fetus
prostaglandins
a group of hormones with varied effects, including the stimulation of uterine contractions
umbilical cord
the structure that connects the fetus to the placenta. It contains vessels that carry blood between the mother and the fetus
zygote
the fertilized ovum
abortion
termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is capable of surviving outside the uterus, usually at 20 wk or 500 g. May be spontaneous or induced. A spontaneous abortion is commonly called a miscarriage
anencephaly
congenital absence of a brain
atresia
congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening
carrier
an individual who has an unexpressed genetic defect that can be passed to his or her children
cleft lip
a congenital separation of the upper lip
cleft palate
a congenital split in the roof of the mouth
congenital disorder
a disorder that is present at birth. May be developmental or hereditary (familial)
eclampsia
convulsions and coma occurring during pregnancy or after delivery and associated with the conditions of pregnancy-induced hypertension (see below) (adjective: eclamptic)
ectopic pregnancy
development of the fertilized ovum outside the body of the uterus. Usually occurs in the oviduct (tubal pregnancy) but may occur in other parts of the reproductive tract or abdominal cavity
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
disease that results from Rh incompatibility between the blood of a mother and her fetus. An Rh-negative mother produces antibody to Rh-positive fetal red cells that enter her circulation. These antibodies can destroy Rh-positive fetal red cells in a later pregnancy unless the mother is treated with antibodies to remove the Rh antigen. Formerly called erythroblastosis fetalis
mastitis
inflammation of the breast, usually associated with the early weeks of breastfeeding
mutation
a change in the genetic material of the cell. Most mutations are harmful. If the change appears in the sex cells, it can be passed to future generations
placental abruption
premature separation of the placenta; abruptio placentae
placenta previa
a placenta that is attached in the lower portion of the uterus instead of the upper portion, as is normal. May result in hemorrhage late in pregnancy
preeclampsia
a serious disorder involving new-onset hypertension and proteinuria that develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy. If untreated, may lead to eclampsia
pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH)
a toxic condition of late pregnancy associated with hypertension, edema, and proteinuria that, if untreated, may lead to eclampsia. Also called preeclampsia (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah) and toxemia of pregnancy
amniocentesis
transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac to remove amniotic fluid for testing. Tests on the cells and fluid obtained can reveal congenital abnormalities, blood incompatibility, and sex of the fetus
dilatation and evacuation (D&E)
widening of the cervix and removal of conception products by suction
ultrasonography
the use of high-frequency sound waves to produce a photograph of an organ or tissue. Used in obstetrics to diagnose pregnancy, multiple births, and abnormalities and to study and measure the fetus. The picture obtained is a sonogram or ultrasonogram
AB
abortion
AGA
appropriate for gestational age
AI
artificial insemination
ART
assisted reproductive technology
C-section
cesarean section
D&E
dilatation and evacuation
ECMO
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
FHR
fetal heart rate
FHT
fetal heart tone
FTND
full-term normal delivery
FTP
full-term pregnancy
GA
gestational age
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
HDN
hemolytic disease of the newborn
IVF
in vitro fertilization
LMP
last menstrual period
NB
newborn
NICU
neonatal intensive care unit
OB
obstetrics, obstetrician
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
PIH
pregnancy induced hypertension
PKU
phenylketonuria
SVD
spontaneous vaginal delivery
UC
uterine contractions
UTP
uterine term pregnancy
VBAC
vaginal birth after cesarean section
