Chapter 13 Digestive System Flashcards
bucc/o
cheek
dent/o
dent/i
tooth, teeth
odont/o
tooth, teeth
gingiv/o
gum (gingiva)
gloss/o
tongue
lingu/o
tongue
gnath/o
jaw
labi/o
lip
or/o
mouth
stoma
stomat/o
mouth
palat/o
palate
sial/o
saliva, salivary gland, salivary duct
uvul/o
uvula
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
pylor/o
pylorus
enter/o
intestine
duoden/o
duodenum
jejun/o
jejunum
ile/o
ileum
cec/o
cecum
col/o
colon/o
colon
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
rect/o
rectum
proct/o
rectum
an/o
anus
hepat/o
liver
chol/e
chol/o
bile, gall
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
cholangi/o
bile duct
choledoch/o
common bile duct
pancreat/o
pancreas
anus
the distal opening of the digestive tract (root: an/o)
appendix
an appendage; usually means the narrow tube of lymphatic tissue attached to the cecum, the vermiform (worm-like) appendix
bile
the fluid secreted by the liver that emulsifies fats and aids in their absorption (roots: chol/e, bili)
cecum
a blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine (root: cec/o)
colon
the major portion of the large intestine; extends from the cecum to the rectum and is formed by ascending, transverse, and descending portions (root: col/o, colon/o)
common bile duct
the duct that carries bile into the duodenum; formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct (root: choledoch/o)
duodenum
the first portion of the small intestine (root: duoden/o)
enzyme
an organic catalyst; speeds the rate of chemical reactions
esophagus
the muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach
feces
the waste material eliminated from the intestine (adjective: fecal); stool
gallbladder
a sac on the undersurface of the liver that stores bile (root: cholecyst/o)
hepatic portal system
a special pathway of the circulation that brings blood directly from the abdominal organs to the liver for processing (also called simply the portal system). The vessel that enters the liver is the hepatic portal vein (portal vein).
ileum
the terminal portion of the small intestine (root: ile/o)
intestine
the portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus. It consists of the small intestine and large intestine. It functions in digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste (root: enter/o)
jejunum
the middle portion of the small intestine (root: jejun/o)
lacteal
a lymphatic capillary in a villus of the small intestine. Lacteals absorb digested fats into the lymph
large intestine
the terminal portion of the digestive tract, consisting of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. It stores and eliminates undigested waste material (feces)
liver
the large gland in the upper right part of the abdomen. In addition to many other functions, it secretes bile needed for digestion and absorption of fats (root: hepat/o)
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
muscle tissue at the distal end of the esophagus (gastroesophageal junction) that prevents stomach contents from refluxing into the esophagus. Also called the cardiac sphincter
mastication
chewing
mouth
the oral cavity; contains the tongue and teeth. Used to take in and chew food, mix it with saliva, and move it toward the throat to be swallowed
palate
the roof of the mouth; the partition between the mouth and nasal cavity; consists of an anterior portion formed by bone, the hard palate, and a posterior portion formed of tissue, the soft palate (root: palat/o)
pancreas
a large, elongated gland behind the stomach. It produces hormones that regulate sugar metabolism and also produces digestive enzymes (root: pancreat/o)
peristalsis
wave-like contractions of an organ’s walls; moves material through an organ or duct
peritoneum
the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and supports the abdominal organs
pharynx
the throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o)
pylorus
the stomach’s distal opening into the duodenum. The opening is controlled by a ring of muscle, the pyloric sphincter (root: pylor/o)
rectum
the distal portion of the large intestine. It stores and eliminates undigested waste (root: rect/o, proct/o)
saliva
the clear secretion released into the mouth that moistens food and contains a starch-digesting enzyme (root: sial/o). Saliva is produced by three pairs of glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands
sigmoid colon
distal S-shaped portion of the large intestine located between the descending colon and the rectum
small intestine
the portion of the intestine between the stomach and the large intestine; comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Accessory organs secrete into the small intestine, and almost all digestion and absorption occur there
stomach
a muscular sac-like organ below the diaphragm that stores food and secretes juices that digest proteins (root: gastr/o)
uvula
the fleshy mass that hangs from the soft palate; aids in speech production (literally “little grape”) (root: uvul/o)
villi
tiny projections in the lining of the small intestine that absorb digested foods into the circulation (singular: villus)
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
ascites
accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity; a form of edema. May be caused by heart disease, lymphatic or venous obstruction, cirrhosis, or changes in plasma composition
bilirubin
a pigment released in the breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood cells; mainly excreted by the liver in bile
caries
tooth decay
celiac disease
inability to absorb foods containing gluten, a protein found in wheat and some other grains; caused by an excess immune response to gluten
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
cholelithiasis
the condition of having stones in the gallbladder; also used to refer to stones in the common bile duct
cirrhosis
chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue
Crohn disease
a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract usually involving the ileum and colon
diarrhea
the frequent passage of watery bowel movements
diverticulitis
inflammation of diverticula (small pouches) in the wall of the digestive tract, especially in the colon
diverticulosis
the presence of diverticula, especially in the colon
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
emesis
vomiting
fistula
an abnormal passageway between two organs or from an organ to the body surface, such as between the rectum and anus (anorectal fistula)
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestine
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
condition caused by reflux of gastric juices into the esophagus resulting in heartburn, regurgitation, inflammation, and possible damage to the esophagus; caused by weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
heartburn
a warm or burning sensation felt behind the sternum and radiating upward. Commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Medical name is pyrosis (pyr/o means “heat”)
hemorrhoids
varicose veins in the rectum associated with pain, bleeding, and sometimes prolapse of the rectum
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver; commonly caused by a viral infection
hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver
hiatal hernia
a protrusion of the stomach through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes
jaundice
a yellowish color of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eye caused by bile pigments in the blood (from French jaune meaning “yellow”). The main pigment is bilirubin, a byproduct of erythrocyte destruction
nausea
an unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often precedes vomiting. Typically occurs in digestive upset, motion sickness, and sometimes early pregnancy
polyp
a tumor that grows on a stalk and bleeds easily
regurgitation
a backward flowing, such as the backflow of undigested food
anastomosis
a passage or communication between two vessels or organs. May be normal or pathologic, or may be created surgically
barium study
use of barium sulfate as a liquid contrast medium for fluoroscopic or radiographic study of the digestive tract. Can show obstruction, tumors, ulcers, hiatal hernia, and motility disorders, among other things
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of the gallbladder
endoscopy
use of a fiberoptic endoscope for direct visual examination. GI studies include esophagogastroduodenoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy (rectum and distal colon), and colonoscopy (all regions of the colon)
ostomy
an opening into the body; generally refers to an opening created for elimination of body waste. Also refers to the operation done to create such an opening (see stoma)
stoma
a surgically created opening to the body surface or between two organs (literally “mouth”)
BE
barium enema (for radiographic study of the colon)
BM
bowel movement
CBD
common bile duct
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
gastrointestinal
IBD
inflammatory bowl disease
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
NG
nasogastric (tube)
N&V
nausea and vomiting
N/V/D
nausea, vomitting, and diarrhea
PEG
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (tube)
