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Anatomy > Chapter 13 Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

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2
Q

dent/o

dent/i

A

tooth, teeth

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3
Q

odont/o

A

tooth, teeth

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4
Q

gingiv/o

A

gum (gingiva)

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5
Q

gloss/o

A

tongue

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6
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

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7
Q

gnath/o

A

jaw

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8
Q

labi/o

A

lip

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9
Q

or/o

A

mouth

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10
Q

stoma

stomat/o

A

mouth

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11
Q

palat/o

A

palate

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12
Q

sial/o

A

saliva, salivary gland, salivary duct

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13
Q

uvul/o

A

uvula

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14
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

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15
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

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16
Q

pylor/o

A

pylorus

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17
Q

enter/o

A

intestine

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18
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum

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19
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum

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20
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

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21
Q

cec/o

A

cecum

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22
Q

col/o

colon/o

A

colon

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23
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

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24
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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25
Q

proct/o

A

rectum

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26
Q

an/o

A

anus

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27
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

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28
Q

chol/e

chol/o

A

bile, gall

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29
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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30
Q

cholangi/o

A

bile duct

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31
Q

choledoch/o

A

common bile duct

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32
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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33
Q

anus

A

the distal opening of the digestive tract (root: an/o)

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34
Q

appendix

A

an appendage; usually means the narrow tube of lymphatic tissue attached to the cecum, the vermiform (worm-like) appendix

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35
Q

bile

A

the fluid secreted by the liver that emulsifies fats and aids in their absorption (roots: chol/e, bili)

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36
Q

cecum

A

a blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine (root: cec/o)

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37
Q

colon

A

the major portion of the large intestine; extends from the cecum to the rectum and is formed by ascending, transverse, and descending portions (root: col/o, colon/o)

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38
Q

common bile duct

A

the duct that carries bile into the duodenum; formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct (root: choledoch/o)

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39
Q

duodenum

A

the first portion of the small intestine (root: duoden/o)

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40
Q

enzyme

A

an organic catalyst; speeds the rate of chemical reactions

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41
Q

esophagus

A

the muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach

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42
Q

feces

A

the waste material eliminated from the intestine (adjective: fecal); stool

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43
Q

gallbladder

A

a sac on the undersurface of the liver that stores bile (root: cholecyst/o)

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44
Q

hepatic portal system

A

a special pathway of the circulation that brings blood directly from the abdominal organs to the liver for processing (also called simply the portal system). The vessel that enters the liver is the hepatic portal vein (portal vein).

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45
Q

ileum

A

the terminal portion of the small intestine (root: ile/o)

46
Q

intestine

A

the portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus. It consists of the small intestine and large intestine. It functions in digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste (root: enter/o)

47
Q

jejunum

A

the middle portion of the small intestine (root: jejun/o)

48
Q

lacteal

A

a lymphatic capillary in a villus of the small intestine. Lacteals absorb digested fats into the lymph

49
Q

large intestine

A

the terminal portion of the digestive tract, consisting of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. It stores and eliminates undigested waste material (feces)

50
Q

liver

A

the large gland in the upper right part of the abdomen. In addition to many other functions, it secretes bile needed for digestion and absorption of fats (root: hepat/o)

51
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

muscle tissue at the distal end of the esophagus (gastroesophageal junction) that prevents stomach contents from refluxing into the esophagus. Also called the cardiac sphincter

52
Q

mastication

A

chewing

53
Q

mouth

A

the oral cavity; contains the tongue and teeth. Used to take in and chew food, mix it with saliva, and move it toward the throat to be swallowed

54
Q

palate

A

the roof of the mouth; the partition between the mouth and nasal cavity; consists of an anterior portion formed by bone, the hard palate, and a posterior portion formed of tissue, the soft palate (root: palat/o)

55
Q

pancreas

A

a large, elongated gland behind the stomach. It produces hormones that regulate sugar metabolism and also produces digestive enzymes (root: pancreat/o)

56
Q

peristalsis

A

wave-like contractions of an organ’s walls; moves material through an organ or duct

57
Q

peritoneum

A

the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and supports the abdominal organs

58
Q

pharynx

A

the throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o)

59
Q

pylorus

A

the stomach’s distal opening into the duodenum. The opening is controlled by a ring of muscle, the pyloric sphincter (root: pylor/o)

60
Q

rectum

A

the distal portion of the large intestine. It stores and eliminates undigested waste (root: rect/o, proct/o)

61
Q

saliva

A

the clear secretion released into the mouth that moistens food and contains a starch-digesting enzyme (root: sial/o). Saliva is produced by three pairs of glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

62
Q

sigmoid colon

A

distal S-shaped portion of the large intestine located between the descending colon and the rectum

63
Q

small intestine

A

the portion of the intestine between the stomach and the large intestine; comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Accessory organs secrete into the small intestine, and almost all digestion and absorption occur there

64
Q

stomach

A

a muscular sac-like organ below the diaphragm that stores food and secretes juices that digest proteins (root: gastr/o)

65
Q

uvula

A

the fleshy mass that hangs from the soft palate; aids in speech production (literally “little grape”) (root: uvul/o)

66
Q

villi

A

tiny projections in the lining of the small intestine that absorb digested foods into the circulation (singular: villus)

67
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix

68
Q

ascites

A

accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity; a form of edema. May be caused by heart disease, lymphatic or venous obstruction, cirrhosis, or changes in plasma composition

69
Q

bilirubin

A

a pigment released in the breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood cells; mainly excreted by the liver in bile

70
Q

caries

A

tooth decay

71
Q

celiac disease

A

inability to absorb foods containing gluten, a protein found in wheat and some other grains; caused by an excess immune response to gluten

72
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

73
Q

cholelithiasis

A

the condition of having stones in the gallbladder; also used to refer to stones in the common bile duct

74
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue

75
Q

Crohn disease

A

a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract usually involving the ileum and colon

76
Q

diarrhea

A

the frequent passage of watery bowel movements

77
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation of diverticula (small pouches) in the wall of the digestive tract, especially in the colon

78
Q

diverticulosis

A

the presence of diverticula, especially in the colon

79
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

80
Q

emesis

A

vomiting

81
Q

fistula

A

an abnormal passageway between two organs or from an organ to the body surface, such as between the rectum and anus (anorectal fistula)

82
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestine

83
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

condition caused by reflux of gastric juices into the esophagus resulting in heartburn, regurgitation, inflammation, and possible damage to the esophagus; caused by weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

84
Q

heartburn

A

a warm or burning sensation felt behind the sternum and radiating upward. Commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Medical name is pyrosis (pyr/o means “heat”)

85
Q

hemorrhoids

A

varicose veins in the rectum associated with pain, bleeding, and sometimes prolapse of the rectum

86
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver; commonly caused by a viral infection

87
Q

hepatomegaly

A

enlargement of the liver

88
Q

hiatal hernia

A

a protrusion of the stomach through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes

89
Q

jaundice

A

a yellowish color of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eye caused by bile pigments in the blood (from French jaune meaning “yellow”). The main pigment is bilirubin, a byproduct of erythrocyte destruction

90
Q

nausea

A

an unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often precedes vomiting. Typically occurs in digestive upset, motion sickness, and sometimes early pregnancy

91
Q

polyp

A

a tumor that grows on a stalk and bleeds easily

92
Q

regurgitation

A

a backward flowing, such as the backflow of undigested food

93
Q

anastomosis

A

a passage or communication between two vessels or organs. May be normal or pathologic, or may be created surgically

94
Q

barium study

A

use of barium sulfate as a liquid contrast medium for fluoroscopic or radiographic study of the digestive tract. Can show obstruction, tumors, ulcers, hiatal hernia, and motility disorders, among other things

95
Q

cholecystectomy

A

surgical removal of the gallbladder

96
Q

endoscopy

A

use of a fiberoptic endoscope for direct visual examination. GI studies include esophagogastroduodenoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy (rectum and distal colon), and colonoscopy (all regions of the colon)

97
Q

ostomy

A

an opening into the body; generally refers to an opening created for elimination of body waste. Also refers to the operation done to create such an opening (see stoma)

98
Q

stoma

A

a surgically created opening to the body surface or between two organs (literally “mouth”)

99
Q

BE

A

barium enema (for radiographic study of the colon)

100
Q

BM

A

bowel movement

101
Q

CBD

A

common bile duct

102
Q

EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

103
Q

ERCP

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

104
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

105
Q

GI

A

gastrointestinal

106
Q

IBD

A

inflammatory bowl disease

107
Q

IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrome

108
Q

NG

A

nasogastric (tube)

109
Q

N&V

A

nausea and vomiting

110
Q

N/V/D

A

nausea, vomitting, and diarrhea

111
Q

PEG

A

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (tube)

Anatomy (15 decks)

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