Chapter three Flashcards
Sandwhich construction
Can be recognised by two forms of the definite article next to each other.
The outer part is the main thing being talked about and can be in any case (depending on it’s job in the sentence) and the inner part is telling you which one or whose (and is in the genitive).
e.g. η του στρατηγ-ου οικι-α
The of-the-general house = the general’s house
e.g. το των συμμαχ-ων ναυτικ-ον
the of-the-allies fleet = the allie’s fleet
Imperative
Sg. παυ-ε
Pl. παυ-ετε
accompanied by a noun in the vocative and preceded by ώ
Adverbs
νυν = now
πολλακις = often
αει = always
ενθαδε = here
εκει = there
Cases taken by verbs
πιοστευω followed by dative
ακουω takes an accussative direct object for a thing but genitive for a person
διδασκω can take double accussative
e.g. τον δουλον τους λογους διδασκομεν = we teach the slave the words
Infinitive
παυ-ειν = to stop
Adjective rules
- Adjectives agree with the nouns they refer to in number, gender and case
- Adjectives commonly use the sandwich construction (attributive use i.e telling you an attribute or quality or bound use i.e fasened to the noun)
e.g. ο σοφ-ος δουλ-ος = the wise slave - Another way to achieve the same effect is to repeat the article (attributive/bound use)
e.g. ο δουλ-ος ο σοφ-ος = the slave the wise one i.e the wise slave - If you want to tell us for the first time that the slave is wise, you say:
ο δουλ-ος σοφ-ος εστιν = the slave is wise
or
ο δουλ-ος σοφ-ος with εστιν understood (this is called predicative position)
Adverbs (2)
Most ordinary adjectives can be changed into adverbs (usually used to decribe how an action is done) simply by changing the -ων of the genitive plural to -ως
e.g σοφ-ων becomes σοφ-ως (wisely)
Particles
Words connecting sentences which come second word in a sentence but are translated at the beginning -
γαρ = for
δε = but/and
μεντοι = however
ουν = therefore
μεν…δε = best to leave ‘μεν’ untranslated and for ‘δε’ to put ‘but’ or ‘whilst’
Future tense alternative spellings
With some verbs where the stem ends with a consonant, adding the sigma requires adjustment -
because π + σ = ψ, the future of πεμπω is πεμψω.
because φ +σ sound almost the same as π + σ, the future of γραφω is γραψω.
because κ + σ = ξ, the future of διωκω is διωξω.
because γ + σ sounds almost the same as κ + σ, the future of αγω = αξω.
because σ, κ and σ is awkward to pronounce, the future of διδασκω is διδαξω.
because θ + σ is awkward to pronounce, the future of πειθω is πεισω
What is the imperfect tense?
Refers strictly to an action that is not completed, e.g. was doing/used to do/did
Punctuation
The comma and full stop used as in English
Greek has a punctuation mark (·) known as an interpunct, marking a pause somewhere between a comma and a full stop
Greek question mark (;)
No exclamation mark
Quotation marks used
Questions
Many sentences can be turned into questions by putting a question mark at the end.
But an open question e.g. is he stupid? can be signalled by putting ‘αρα’ as the first word
Questions for asking specific information are introduced by particular question words, many of which begin with π
που = where?
ποτε = when?
πως= how?
Chapter three vocab
Good
Always
Athenian
Brave
From (+gen)
I die
Is it..?
For
I get to know/realise/understand
But/and
Strange/terrible
Because
I wish/I am willing
Out of (+ gen)
There
Free
In (+dat)
Here
Hostile
I am amazed (at)/I admire
Bad
Fine/beautiful
I order
On one hand…on the other
However
Small
New
Now
Therefore
I produce/provide
I persuade
I trust/believe (+dat)
Often
When?
Where?
Before/previously
How?
Wise/clever
Difficult/dangerous
O
Vocab -
αγαθος -η -ον
αει
αθηναιος -α -ον
ανδρειος -α -ον
απο
αποθνησκω
αρα
γαρ
γιγνωσκω
δε
δεινος -η -ον
διοτι
εθελω
εκ (εξ)
εκει
ελευθερος -α -ον
εν
ενθαδε
εχθρος -α -ον
θαυμαζω
κακος -η -ον
καλος -η -ον
κελευω
μεν…δε
μεντοι
μικρος -α -ον
νεος -α -ον
νυν
ουν
παρεχω
πειθω
πιστευω
πολλακις
ποτε
που
προτερον
πως
σοφος -η -ον
χαλεπος -η -ον
ω
