Chapter seven Flashcards
Present passive
With a passive verb the grammatical subject is on the receving end of the action e.g. I am stopped
Endings -
-ομαι, -η, -εται, -ομεθα, -εσθε, -ονται
Agent and instrument
The person by whom the action is done (agent) is expressed by υπο (by) with the genitive.
η κωμη υπο των στρατιωτων φυλασσεται
The village is being guarded by the soldiers
The thing with which it is done (instrument) is expressed by the dative without a preposition.
η κωμη τοις οπλοις φυλασσεται
The village is being guarded with the weapons
A passive verb can have either, both or neither.
Present passive participle
The present passive participle adds -ομεν- to the verb stem then has regular 2-1-2 endings
e.g. παυομενος -η -ον (being stopped)
Passive infinitive
The present passive infinitive adds -εσθαι to the verb stem, e.g. παυεσθαι (to be stopped)
‘This’ and ‘That’
The usual word for ‘this’ is ουτος, αυτη, τουτο.
ουτος ο δουλος =this slave
ταυτα τα δωρα = these gifts
An alternative word for ‘this,’ that implies the thing is here, is οδε, ηδε, τοδεο.
ηγγειλε ταδε = he announced these things
The word for ‘that’ is εκεινος.
Any of these can be used as a pronoun, or as an adjective with a noun, where the article is used as well.
Often parts of ουτος refer backwards to something already mentioned while οδε refers forward to something about to be mentioned.
Imperfect passive
The imperfect passive has the augment ε- and the endings -ομην, -ου, -ετο, -ομεθα, -εσθε, -οντο
e.g. παυοντο (they were being stopped)
Comparison of adjectives
For most adjectives the comparative (smarter, more smart) is formed by adding -τερος -α -ον to the stem.
The superlative (most smart, very smart) by adding -τατος -η -ον.
These endings are preceded by an ο sound: omicron if the last/only syllable of the stem is long.
e.g. δεινοτερος (stranger)
Omega if it is short.
e.g. σοφωτερος (wiser)
Comparison is usally expressed by ἥ (than), with the two people/things in the same case, but a simple comparison can alternatively put the second in the genitive without ἥ.
Comparison of adverbs
The comparative adverb is the same as the neuter singular of the comparative adjective -
e.g. σοφωτερον (more wisely)
The superlative adverb is the same as the neuter plural of the superlative adjective -
e.g. σοφωτατα (most wisely)
Relative clauses
Relative clauses use the relative pronoun ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (who, which,).
Some parts only distinguishable from the article because of the rough breathing.
They agree with the antecedent noun in number and gender but takes its case from the job it does in its own clause.
e.g. ουτος εστιν ο δουλος ὅν ειδον
This is the slave whom I saw
Irregular third declension nouns
Third declension nouns with irregularities -
sg Father (m) Mother (f) Daughter(f)
nom πατηρ μητηρ θυγατηρ
acc πατερα μητερα θυγατερα
gen πατρος μητρος θυγατρος
dat πατρι μητρι θυγατρι
pl
nom πατερες μητερες θυγατερες
acc πατερας μητερας θυγατερας
gen πατερων μητερων θυγατερων
dat πατρασι(ν) μητρασι(ν) θυγατρασι(ν)
Root aorists
A handful of verbs have this aorist, which adds person endings to a short basic stem
e.g
εβην = I went
εγνων = I got to know
γνοντ = having got to know
Result clauses
A signpost word in the main clause
e.g. ουτω(ς) = ‘so’ often with adjective/adverb,
τοσουτος = ‘so big’ pl. ‘so many’
τοσουτος ην ο κινδυνος ωστε εν τω στρατοπεδω εμενομεν
the danger was so great that we stayed in the camp
τοιουτος = ‘of such a sort’
ο δουλος ουτω λεγει ωστε υπο παντων θαυμαζεται
The slave spoke in such a way that he is admired by all
Signals that a result clause follows, introduced by ωστε (that).
The result clause normally has an ordinary indicative verb.
εις τοσουτον = to such an extent
Chapter seven vocab-
Athens
Prisoner (of war)
I force/compel
Man/male/husband
Worthy/deserving of (+gen)
foreigners/non-Greeks/barbarians
Women/wife
I cry/weep
Master
Indeed
I destroy/corrupt
Just/right
If
that
inhabitant
Well
he/she said
or/than
daughter
doctor
holy/sacred
strong
I sit
I burn
head
I punish
I hide
Spartans
More/rather (adv)
Mother
This (implying here, near me); the following
who/which
sky/heaven
this
so/to such an extent/thus/in this way
Father
trustworthy/faithful
rich/wealthy
I do/fare (well/badly etc.)
Silence
Silently/in silence
Food
I save
Such/of such a kind
So great/so big
So many
To such an extent
Son
Wood/forest
(+gen) by (agent with a passive verb)
High
Hand
Gold
(with the result) that
Vocab -
‘Αθηναι -ων (αι)
αιχμαλωτος -ου
αναγκαξω/ηναγκασα
ανηρ, ανδρος
αξιος -α -ον
βαρβαροι -ων
γυνη, γυναικος
δακρυω/εδακρυσα
δεσποτηνς - ου
δη
διαφθειρω/διεφθειρα
δικαιος -η -ο
ει
εκεινος -η -ο
ενοικος -ου
ευ
εφη
η
θυγατηρ -τρος
ιατρος -ου
ιερος -α -ον
ισχυρος -α -ον
καθιζω/εκαθισα
καιω/εκαυσα
κεφαλη -ης
κολαζω/εκολασα
κρυπτω/εκρυψα
Λακεδαιμονιοι -ων
μαλλον
μητηρ -τρος
οδε, ηδε, τοδε
ος, η, ο
ουρανος -ου
ουτος, αυτη, τουτο
ουτω(ς)
πατηρ -τρος
πιστος -η -ον
πλουσιος -α -ον
πρασσω/επαξα
σιγη -ης
οιγη
σιτος -ου
σωζω/εσωσα
τοιουτος -αυτη -ουτο
τοσουτος -αυται -αυτα
εις τοσουτον
εις τοσουτον
υιος -ου
υλη -ης
υπο
υψηλος -η -ον
χειρ, χειρος
χρυσος -ου
ωστε
