Chapter six Flashcards
More uses of the definite article (1)
Uses with a noun -
οι ποιηται
Either the poets or poets (as a class)
Uses with an adjective -
οι σοφοι
the wise (as a class), wise men
το αγαθον
the good (as an abstraction), that which is good, goodness
Uses with a participle -
οι τρεχοντες
those who are running, the ones running, the runners
This works like the attributive use but leaving the noun to be supplied (from gender, context, etc)
The participle can also take an object or preposition phrase, which is sandwhiched -
οι τον ιππον διωκοντες
those chasing the horses, the men chasing the horse
αι εις την κωμην τρεχουσαι
the women running into the village
More uses of the definite article (2)
Uses with an adverb -
οι νυν
men now, people* of today
*masc used inclusively
η εκει
the women there
τα ενθαδε
things here, affairs here
οι παλαι
people (of) long ago, men of old
Uses with a preposition phrase -
οι εν τη νησω
the people on the island
αι εν τη κωμη
the women in the village
τα εν τω λιμενι
the events in the harbour
*context will usually indicate the most appropriate translation of the neuter (e.g. things, affairs, events)
Comparable to how neuter adjectives appear with neither article nor noun e.g. κακα επαθον = they suffered bad things
The uses of αυτος (1)
Three seperate meanings
1. self
2. same
3. him/her/it/them
- The meaning is self when αυτος is used with article + noun but not sandwhiched (not inbetween article and noun)
ο στρατηγος αυτος
or
αυτος ο στρατηγος = the general himself - the meaning is same when αυτος is sandwiched with article + noun (inbetween article + noun)
ο αυτος στρατηγος = the same general - the meaning is him/her/it/them (according to number and gender) when αυτος is used on its own and is not in the nominitive
διδασκομεν αυτους
we teach them
πιστευω αυτη
I trust her
The uses of αυτος (2)
(1) αυτος = self is not necessarily third person: if it is nominative, its person is determined by the ending of the verb
e.g. αρα τον δουλον ελυσας αυτος, ω γερον
did you release yourself, old man?
(2) αυτος = same is an adjective, like any adjective it can be used with the article alone
e.g. ο αυτος = the same man
τα αυτα = the same things
αυτος coming directly after the article is always same
(3) αυτον etc. (alone and not in the nominative) = him/her/it/them, is always a pronoun and always third person
The aorist participle
the aorist participle is used to indicate a single action, and normally one that has already happened at the time of the action described in the main verb of the sentence.
Literal translation is e.g. having stopped
If the main narrative is in the past, it is often appropriate to translate the aorist participle like a plufperfect
e.g. when they had done x, they did y
Possible introductory words are when..who…etc.
The adjective πας
masc. fem. neut.
Sg πας πασ-α παυ
παντα- α πασ-αν παν
παντ-ος πασ-ης παντ-ος
παντα- ι πασ- ῃ παντ-ι
pl
παντ-ες πασ-αι παντ-α
παντ-ας πασ-ας παντ-α
παντ-ων πασ-ων παντ-ων
πασι(ν) πασ-αις πασι(ν)
When used with a noun and the article, πας does not sandwich -
παντες οι πολιται or οι πολιται παντες
all the citizens
Like any adjective it can also be used alone (noun understoos from gender/context etc.) -
παντες φευγον
they all ran away
παντα ματθανει
he learns all things
The presence of the article in the singular usually indicates that the meaning is the whole of rather than every -
παντα τον μυθον μανθανω
I learn the whole story
Contrast:
παντα μυθον μανθανω
I learn every story
Numerals -
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
Numerals -
εἷς*/μια/ἕν
δυο
τρεις/τρια
τεσσαρες/τεσσαρα
πεντε
εξ
επτα
οκτω
εννεα
δεκα
*εἷς accent distinguishes one from into (εις) and ἕν is similarly distinguished from in (εν)
εἷς/μια/ἕν declension
masc. fem. neut.
nom. εις μια εν
acc. ενα μιαν εν
gen. ενος μιας ενος
dat. ενι μια ενι
δυο declension
nom. δυο
acc. δυο
gen. δυοιν
dat. δυοιν
τρεις declension
masc/fem. neut.
nom. τρεις τρια
acc. τρεις τρια
gen. τριων τριων
dat. τρισι(ν) τρισι(ν)
τεσσαρες declension
masc/fem. neut.
nom. τεσσαρες τεσσαρα
acc. τεσσαρας τεσσαρα
gen. τεσσαρων τεσσαρων
dat. τεσσαρσι(ν) τεσσαρσι(ν)
Ordinal numbers (adjectival ones, telling you the order things come in)
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Ordinal numbers -
πρωτος -η -ον
δευτερος -α -ον
τριτος -η -ον
τεταρτος -η -ον
πεμπτος -η -ον
The ordinal numbers are used like any adjective, when they have the article it is sandwhiched or repeated.
Expressing time (2)
Time how long is expressed by the accusative -
τρεις ωρας ετρεχομεν
we were running for three hours
Time within which is expressed by the genitive -
τον στρατον τριων ημερω πεμψομεν
we shall send the army within three days
time when (e.g. the hour at which, day on which) is expressed by the dative -
τη τεταρτη εσμερα τους συμμαχους ειδομεν
The acc. + gen. versions naturally go with cardinal numbers, the dat. with ordinal numbers.
The use of ουδεις
This pronoun/adjective means ‘no one, nothing, no’. Word ουδε = not even joined onto the appropriate part of the word one.
Common as a pronoun -
ουδεις ηκουσε την βοην
no one heard the shout
ουδεν εν τω πλοιω ηυρομεν
we found nothing
If the pronoun is followed by a genitive plural, the translation none (of…) is appropriate
ουδεις των δουλων εφυλασσε θυραν
none of the slaves were guarding the door
Adjective use, translated as no…
ουδεμιαν βουλην εχομεν
we have no plan
ουδενα δουλον ειδον
They saw no slave
Possessive dative
As well as saying e.g.
βουλην εχομεν
we have a plan
You can say -
βουλη εστιν ημιν
there is to us a plan
Likewise
ο κριτης καλην οικιαν εχει
and
καλη οικια τω κριτη εστιν
are both good Greek for the judge has a fine house
Future participles
The literal meaning of the future participle is (being) about to…but this is rarely good English.
As with other participles, translations involving words such as when, while and who are often appropriate (but always with some indication that the action described in the participle is or was still to happen).
As always the tense of the participle is in relation to the tense of the main verb.
Thus a future participle with a present main verb may be translated e.g.
when he is going to do X, he does Y
while he is about to do X, he does Y
Future participle with a past main verb -
when he was going to do X, he did Y
While he was about to do X, he did Y
Like any participle, it can also be used with the article -
οι διδαξοντες
those who are/were going to teach
The future participle alone can express an idea of purpose: about to do X may imply intending/aiming to do it. But this can be specified more clearly by ως (as) in front of the future participle
μανθανω τους λογους ως διδαξων τους παιδας
I am learning the words in order to teach the children
Focusing the sense of participles
When you put ως in front of a present or aorist participle this narrows the meaning to as, since or on the grounds that.
Conversely, καιπερ in front of any participles gives the sense although or despite.
Participles basically describe circumstances applying to whatever happens in the main part of the sentence.
Often they are circumstances that cause or explain it - hence translations like as, since - but they can also be circumstances that might have tended to prevent it.
More uses of the definite article (3)
The particles μεν and δε -
αι μεν ναυται εμειναν, οι δε στρατιωται εφυγον
the sailors stayed, but the soldiers ran away
Uses with the definite article -
αι μεν εμειναν, αι δε εφυγον
some (women) stayed, but (others) ran away
Partitive genitive -
οι μεν των δουλων εν τη οικια εισιν, οι δε εν τη οδω
Some of the slaves are in the house, others in the street
Singular -
ο μεν των παιδων εμεινεν, ο δε εφυγεν
One of the boys stayed, (but) the other ran away
*when translating μεν you must look ahead to see whether there is a noun agreeing with it, or whether the article is being used alone (i.e as a pronoun) in one of the idioms described
verbs and their aorist formation (2)
Present:
αγγελλ-
ακου-
αποθνησκ-
αποκτειν-
βλαπτ-
διδασκ-
διωκ-
εθελ-
θαντ-
θαυμαζ-
κελευ-
κλεπτ-
κωλυ-
λυ-
λειπ-
μεν-
παρασκευαζ-
παρεχ-
πεμπ-
πιν-
πιπτ-
πιστευ-
τασσ-
φερ-
φυλασσ-
verbs and their aorist formation
Aorist:
ηγγειλα
ηκουσα
απεθανον
απεκτεινα
εβλαψα
εδιδαξα
εδιωξα
ηθελησα
εθαψα
εθαυμασα
εκελευσα
εκλεψα
εκωλυσα
ελυσα
ελιπον
εμεινα
παρεσκευασα
παρεσχον
επεμψα
επιον
επεσον
επιστευσα
εταξα
ηνεγκα
εφυλαξα
Chapter six vocab-
I report/announce
Again
Self/same/her-her-it
To be (inf)
Immediately
(personal) enemy
Zeus
(irregular aorist) I came/went
We
Our
I bury
Although, despite (being) + participle
Battle
Corspe/dead body
A little/a small amount (of)
No one/nothing/no
Long ago/in the past
I prepare/get something ready
all/every
(+gen) about/concerning
enemy (in war)
I collect/gather
Finally
Place
Water
You (pl)
Your (of you pl)
Money
(+future participle) in order to; (+ present or aorist participle) as, since, because, on the grounds that
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Vocab-
αγγελλω, ηγγειλα
αυθις
αυτος -η -ο
ειναι
ευθυς
εχθρος -ου
Ζευς Διος
ηλθον
ημεις
ημετερος -α -ον
θαντω, εθαψα
καιπερ
μαχη -ης
νεκρος -ου
ολιγος -η -ον
ουδεις ουδεμια ουδεν
παλαι
παρασκευξω, παρεσκευασα
πας, πασα, παν
περι
πολεμιοι -ων
συλλεγω, συνελεξα
τελος
τοπος -ου
υδωρ -ατος
υμεις
υμετερος -α -ον
χρηματα -ων
ως
εις, μια, εν
δυο
τρεις, τρια
τεσσαρες, τεσσαρα
πεντε
εξ
επτα
οκτω
εννεα
δεκα
πρωτος -η -ον
δευτερος -α -ον
τριτος -η -ον
τεταρτος -η -ον
πεμπτος -η -ον
