Chapter eleven

Question 1

Present and aorist subjunctive

Answer 1

Subjunctive expresses possibility e.g. may rather than fact.
active + aorist passive, -ω -ης -η (iota)
middle/present passive, -ωμαι, η, ηται etc

Question 2

Subjunctive (1) prohibition

Answer 2

A negative compound for one occassion uses μη with 2nd person of aorist subjunctive
e.g μη κολασητε τουτον τον δουλον, ω στρατιωται

Question 3

Subj. (2) purpose clauses

Answer 3

regularly used in a purpose clause after ινα (in order to/that); neg. ινα μη
οι ξενοι παρεισιν ινα την πολιν ιδωσιν
the foreigners are here in order to see the city

Question 4

Conditional sentences

Answer 4

if x, then y.
if = ει
Two types

Future open -
if x happens (in the future), y will happen.
Greek uses εαν (if) with the subj. in protasis the apodosis has future indicative
neg. μη in protasis and ου in apodosis

εαν τουτο ειπη, σοφως ερει
if he says this, he will speak wisely

Past closed -
if x had happened, y would have happened
ει + aorist indicative in protasis and aorist indicative with αν in apodosis

ει τουτο ειπε, σοφως αν ειπεν
if he had said this, he would have spoken wisely

Question 5

Present aorist and future optative

Answer 5

More remote in likelihood and/or time e.g. might
recognised by dipthing endings, οι or less commonly αι/ει
middle/passive, -οιμην, -οιο, -οιτο

Question 6

use of the optative

Answer 6

1. sequence of tenses and moods in purpose clauses
   if the verb in the main clause is historic, rule of sequence says verb that follows in purpose clause should be optative, but subjunctive can still be used for vividness

εμαχοντο ινα τιμωντο
they used to fight in order to be honoured

vivid construction -
αφικοντο ινα μαχωνται
they arrived in order to fight

2. indirect statement and question
   in historic sequence the verb in ‘that’ clause indirect statement or in an indirect question can be optative.
   ο Σωκρατηνς επιεν οτι ο γερων σοφωτατος ειη
   Socrates said that the old man was very wise

ο αγγελος ηρωτησε τις λυσειε τον ιππον
the messanger asked who had released the horse

Question 7

Tense and aspect in aorist: summary

Answer 7

aorist indicative always used by tense (single action in the past)
aorist imperative and subjunctive always used by aspect (single action, no referece to the past)
aorist participle normally used by tense (reffering to something that has already happened)
aorist inf. can be used by tense or aspect); in indirect speech it behaves like what it replaces
optative can be used by aspect (purpose clause) or tense (orginal verb in indirect statement or question)