Chapter nine Flashcards
Irregular third declension nouns (2)
Third declension nouns with nom. sg. ending σ usually have accussative ending rather than α
e.g. ιχθυς (fish), acc. ιχθυν
nom ιχθυς ιχθυ-ες
acc ιχθυ-ν ιχθυ-ας
gen ιχθυ-ος ιχθυ-ων
dat ιχθυ-ι ιχθυ-σι(ν)
Third declension adjectives
3-1-3adjectives such as βραδυς -εια -υ (slow) use upsilon in the m/n nom/acc sg. endings, but have genitive stem in epsilon (βραδε-); comparative and superlative -υτερος -υτατος
sg Masc. Fem. Neut.
nom βραδυς βραδεια βραδυ
acc βραδυν βραδειαν βραδυ
gen βραδεος βραδειας βραδεος
dat βραδει βραδεια βραδει
pl
nom βραδεις βραδειαι βραδεα
acc βραδεις βραδειας βραδεα
gen βραδεων βραδειων βραδεων
dat βραδεσι(ν) βραδειαις βραδεσι(ν)
alike adjectives:
ευρυς = broad/wide
ηδυς = sweet/pleasant
ταχυς = swfit/quick
Mixed declension adjectives
Two common adjectives start off as 3-1-3 but switch to 2-1-2 after the acc. sg.
μεγας = great,big
masc. μεγας -αν, μεγαλ-ου etc.
fem. μεγαλ-η etc.
neut. μεγα, -α, μεγαλ-ου etc.
πολυς = much, many
masc. πολυς, -υν, πολλ-ου etc.
fem. πολλ-η etc.
neut. πολυ -υ, πολλ-ου etc.
Verbs with epsilon contraction
If a verb stem ends in epsilon, it contracts with the vowel of the ending according to these rules:
ε + ε = ει
ε + ο =ου
ε + long vowel/dipthong = dissapears
Future and first aorist have ε before the σ, then normal endings.
e.g. φιλεω (I love) is written φιλω, imperfect εφιλουν and aorist εφιλησα.
The augment and verbs beginning with a vowel
The augment normally lengthens a vowel starting a verb stem (both alpha and epsilon here lengthening to ε).
e.g. εθελω (I wish), Imperf. ηθελον,
ακουω (I hear), Imperf. ηκουον.
In a few cases it follows the epsilon contracton rule instead -
e.g εχω (I have), Imp. ειχον
Adjectives with epsilon contraction
Adjectives such as αληθης -ες (true, stem αληθε-) also follow the epsilon contraction rules.
They are 3-3 adjectives rather than 3-1-3 (i.e have no separate feminine)
Masc/Fem.
sg. αληθ-, -ης, -η, -ους, -ει
pl. αληθ-, -εις, -εις, -ων, -εσι(ν)
Neut.
sg. αληθ-, -ες, -ες, ους, -ει
pl. αληθ-, -η, -η, -ων, -εσι(ν)
Alike:
ασθενης = weak
ασφαλης = safe
δυοστθχης = unlucky/unfortunate
ευτυχης = lucky, fortunate
Adverb: αληθως = truly
Compound adjectives and privative alpha
αδικος, -ον = unjust
using privative alpha (un-). this and most of the 3-3 adjectives are compounds, i.e having a prefix
Nouns with epsilon contraction
τειχος, -ους το = wall
sg
nom τειχος
acc τειχος
gen τειχους
dat τειχει
pl
nom τειχη
acc τειχη
gen τειχων
dat τειχεσι(ν)
alike:
ετος = year
ξιφος = sword
ορος = mountain
Irregular epsilon verbs
A few epsilon verbs have iregular aorists.
one syllable epsilon stems contract only when the ending starts with epsilon
e.g. πλεομεν (we sail), remains uncontracted
Futures with epsilon contraction
Some ordinary verbs form their future like the present of an epsilon verb, i.e they add epsilon rather than sigma to the stem (itself sometimes shortened)
e.g. αποκτεινω (I kill), fut. αποκτενω
Irregular third declension nouns (3)
Irregular nouns βασιλευς (king), πολις (city) and ναυς (ship) have genitive sg. -εως and genitive pl. -εων
Tense and aspect (1): Aorist imperative
Commands for one occasion (rather than applying generally) use the aorist imperative
(e.g. παυσον pl. παυσατε, λαβε pl. λαβετε).
The aorist is used here by aspect (single action) rather than tense (single action in the past).
More imperatives
Aorist middle imperatives -
sg. παυσαι, λαβου
pl. παυσασθε, λαβεσθε
Use of μη
The negative μη (rather than ου) is used for possibilites and ideas rather than facts.
It is used with a present imperative for a generalised negative command.
Compound negatives (2)
μη- versions of various compound negatives
e.g μηδεποτε (never)
Tense and aspect (2): aorist infinitive
The aorist participle is normally used by tense, i.e for one action preceding another.
The aorist infinitve can be used by tense (e.g. to have stopped) or aspect (to stop once) according to context.
Indirect command
The aorist infinitive in an indirect command is used by aspect, replacing and behaving like an aorist imperative in the orginal direct speech
e.g. εκελευσα παντας φυγειν (I ordered everyone to run away).
More infinitives
Aorist middle and passive infinitves (predictably formed from the equivalent tenses) are:
1st.
παυσασθαι (to cease once/to have ceased)
παυσθηναι (to be stopped once/to have been stopped)
2nd.
λαβεσθαι (to take for onself once/ to have taken for oneself)
Impersonal verbs
An impersonal verb is a third person sg. with ‘it’ as subject, followed by an infinitive (present or aorist by aspect).
With δει and χρη (both it is necessary, χρη often implying moral obligation) the person who is to do the action is acc; but dative with εξεστι (it is possible) and δοκει (lit. it seems like a good idea to X, i.e X decides) - latter common in the aorist.
e.g. εδοξε μοι μαχεσθαι = I have decided to fight
Infinitive after verbs
Some verbs because of their meaning are naturally followed by an infinitive, present or aorist by aspect; some take a future to reinforce their meaning.
e.g. υπισχνεομαι (I promise)
Chapter nine vocab -
I do wrong/act unjustly (towards)
unjust
I take
I ask for/beg
true
I withdraw/retreat
weak
shield
safe
I arrive
king
I help/run to help (+dat)
slow
it is necessary (+acc +inf)
lit. it seems like a good idea (to X + dat), i.e. X decides
Unlucky/unfortunate
it is possible (+dat and/or +inf)
year
broad, wide
lucky/fortunate
I seek
sweet/pleasant
sweetly/gladly
horseman, pl. cavalry
fish
I call/invite
I cut/cut down
Great/big
Not (in contexts other than statements of fact)
no -one, nothing, (adj.) no (not any)
never
neither..nor
I hate
ship
sword
I live (in)/dwell
Mountain
I sail
I make/do, (+ adv and acc) I treat
City
Much
Many
Quick/swift
wall
I promise
I love/like/am accustomed
I fear/am afraid (of)
I murder/kill
It is necessary
Vocab
αδικεω, ηδικησα
αδικος -ον
αιρεω, ειλον
αιτεω, ητησα
αληθης -ες
αναχωρεω, ανεχωρησα
ασθενης -ες
ασπις -ιδος
ασφαλης -ες
απικνεομαι, απικομην
βασιλευς, -εως
βοηθεω, εβοηθησα
βραδυς -εια -υ
δει, εδεησε
δοκει, εδοξε(ν)
δυστυχης -ες
εξεστι(ν) imp. εξην
ετος - ους
ευρυς -εια -υ
ευτυχης -ες
ζητεω, εξητησα
ηδυς -εια -υ
ηδεως
ιππευς -εως
ιχθυς -υος
καλεω, εκαλεσα
κοπτω, εκοψα
μεγας, μεγαλη, μεγα (μεγαλ-)
μη
μηδεις, μηδεμια, μηδεν (μηδεν-)
μηδεποτε
μητε…μητε
μισεω, εμισησα
ναυς, νεως
ξιφος -ους
οικεω, ωκησς
ορος -ους
πλεω, επλευσα
ποιεω, εποιησα
πολις, -εως
πολυς, πολλη, πολυ (πολλ-)
πολλοι -αι-α
ταχυς, -εια -υ
τειχος -ους
υπισχνεομαι, υπεσχομην
φιλεω, εφιλησα
φοβεομαι, εφοβηθην
φονευνω, εφονευσα
χρη, imp. (ε)χρην
