Chapter One: General Orientation To Human Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Define Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: the study of structure
Physiology: the study of function
Evolution
Change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms
THE WHOLE POPULATION MUST CHANGE
Natural Selection
Theory of how evolution works(genetic change over time)
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
Adaption
Change in an organisms anatomy, physiology, and behavior that has happened due to pressure to better themselves
Adapting to ones environment
Vestigial Organ
Organs that were developed in our ancestors but now have little to no use
Useless
What is the Hierarchy of Complexity
Organism Organ system Organ Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules
Organism
Complete individual
Organ system
Group of organs with a collective function
Organ
2 or more types of tissue working together to carry out a particular function
Tissue
Group of similar cells that preform a specific function
Cells
Smallest unit that carry out all the basic functions of life
Organelles
Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual function
What are the four types of Anatomical Variation?
Situs Solitus
Situs Inversus
Situs Perversus
Dextrocardia
Situs Solitus
Normal arrangement of thoracic and abdominal organs
NORMAL insides
Situs Inversus
Organs are reversed completely
No serious medical concern
Situs Perversus
One organ is in an atypical spot
One organ in the wrong spot
Dextrocardia
The heart is misplaced
What are the Characteristics of Life?
HOMERR DMC
Homeostasis Organization Movement Evolution Responsiveness Reproduction
Development
Movement
Cellular Composition
HOMERR DMC
Metabolism
Taking in molecules from the environment and chemically change them
METABOLISM IS THE SUM OF ALL INTERNAL CHEMICAL CHANGE
Homeostasis
The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms the oppose it, and maintain a relativity stable internal conditions
THE BODIES ABILTY TO DO WHAT IT TAKES TO STAY THE SAME
OUR BODIES LIKE TO STAY THE SAME
Negative Feedback Loop
The body senses a change and activates a mechanism that negates or reverses it
Body doesn’t like something and stops it
Standing up too quickly your blood pressure drops
Thermostat temp falls heating is activated to bring room temp up
Positive Feedback Loop
Self amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction
Childbirth: body encourages this change
Fever
What are the components of a Feedback Loop?
- Receptor (Thermostat)
- Integrating center (Brain p, decides what should be done)
- Effector(takes action)
Receptor
Structure that senses change in the body
“Thermostat”
Integrating Center
Mechanism that processes the sensory information and makes decisions on the appropriate response
“The Brain”
Effector
Cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action
“Takes action”
Gradient
A difference in chemical concentration, charge, temp or pressure between two points
Difference between point A and B
High to low is normal
Radiography (X-rays)
High energy radiation that penetrates soft tissue and darken film on other side
Dense tissue
Over 1/2 of all medical imaging
Radiopaque Substances
Visualization of hollow organs
Ingested or injected
Computer Tomography (CT Scan)
CAT scan
Low intensity x-rays are emitted on one side and received on the other
Sharp, sliced image
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Soft tissue
Alignment and realignment of hydrogen atoms with magnetic field and radio waves
Superior to CAT Scan
Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
Assesses metabolic state of tissue
Shows what tissues are most active at the given moment
WHAT IS ABD ISNT ACTIVE
Sonography
High frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
Second most widely used
SOUND WAVES
Anatomical Position
Stand erect
Feet flat
Arms at sides
Palms forward
Sections
Actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy
Plane
Imaginary flat surface passing through the body
Sagittal Plane
Vertically passes through the body
Dividing the body into LEFT and RIGHT sections
Frontal Plane/Coronal Plane
Divides body into FRONT and BACK sections
Transverse Plane
Passes through the body horizontally
Dividing the body into UPPER and LOWER sections
