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Human Anatomy > Chapter 3: Concepts Of Cellular Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Concepts Of Cellular Function Flashcards

1
Q

List the 9 Cell Shapes

SSSCCPDFF

A 
Squamous 
Stellate 
Spheroidal 
Cuboidal 
Columnar
Polygonal
Discoid 
Fusiform 
Fibrous
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2
Q

Squamous

A

Thin, flat and bulge in the center

Fried Egg

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3
Q

Cuboidal

A

Square, equal height and width

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4
Q

Columnar

A

Taller than wide

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5
Q

Polygonal

A

Irregular angular shape, multiple sides

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6
Q

Stellate

A

Multiple pointed processes

Star like shape

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7
Q

Spheroidal

A

Round to oval

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8
Q

Discoid

A

Disc shaped

Red blood cells

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9
Q

Fusiform

A

Spindle shaped, thick middle, tapered ends

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10
Q

Fibrous

A

Long, slender, threadlike

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11
Q

(IFC) Cytoplasm

Contains?

A

Fluid between the nucleus and plasma membrane

Contains organelles and cytoskeleton

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12
Q

(EFC) Extracellular Fluid

A

Fluid outside of the cell

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13
Q

Plasma Membrane

Made of?

Composition and Function?

A

Surrounds cell and defines boundaries
Governs interactions
Controls the passage

Made of proteins and lipids

Composition and function can vary from one region of the cell to another

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14
Q

Unit Membrane

A

Forms the border of the cell or any of its organelles

Looks like a pair of dark parallel lines around the cell

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15
Q

3 Membrane Lipids

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

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16
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • Amphiphilic molecules arranged in a bilayer
  • Hydrophilic heads face water on Membrane
  • Hydrophobic tail directed towards the center, avoiding water
  • Drift laterally
  • Movement keeps Membrane fluid
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17
Q

Cholesterol

A

20% of Membrane Lipids

Holds phospholipids still and can stiffen Membrane

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18
Q

Glycolipids

A

5% of the Membrane Lipids

Phospholipids with short carbohydrates chains on extracellular face

Contributes to GLYCOCALYX

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19
Q

Intracellular Face

A

Faces cytoplasm

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20
Q

Extracellular face

A

Faces outwards

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21
Q

Integral Protein

A

Penetrates the phospholipid bilayer

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22
Q

Peripheral Protein

A

Adhere to one face of the Membrane

Usually tethered to the cytoplasm

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23
Q

Transmembrane Protein

A

Integral proteins-pass through the cell

Hydrophilic regions in contact with cytoplasm and Extracellular fluids

Hydrophobic regions that pass through lipid of Membrane

Most are glycoproteins

Drift freely in phospholipids or anchor to cytoskeleton

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24
Q

6 Proteins by Function

REIGCC

A 
Receptor 
Enzyme 
Ion Channel 
Gated Ion Channel 
Cell-Identity Marker 
Cell-Adhesion
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25
Q

Receptor

A

binds to chemical messengers from other cells

  • hormones
  • neurotransmitters

Communication via chemical signals

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26
Q

Enzyme

A

Breakdown chemical messages and terminate their effects

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27
Q

Ion Channel

A

Channel of protein that is constantly open and allows ions to pass into and out of the cell

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28
Q

Gated Ion Channel

A

A gated channel that opens and closes to allow ions through only at certain times

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29
Q

Cell-Identity Marker

A

Glycoprotein acting as a cell-identity marker distinguishing the body’s own cells from foreign invaders cells

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30
Q

Cell-Adhesion

A

Molecule(CAM) binds cells to each other and Extracellular material

Cells do not survive unless linked to Extracellular material

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31
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Unique fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane

  • animal cells
  • Carbs- glycolipids, glycoproteins
  • Identity tags
32
Q

7 Functions of Glycocalyx

PDF ICET

A

Protection (cushion plasma membrane)
Defense Against Cancer (immune defense)
Fertilization (allows sperm to identify egg)
Immunity to infection (recognition of health cells)
Cell Adhesion
Embryonic Development (guide embryonic cells)
Transplant Compatibility

33
Q

Microvilli

A

Extension of the Membrane

  • Increase cells surface
  • 15-40 times more absorption

Can be dense and spear as fringe

Tugged and”milked” from protein in the cytoplasm

34
Q

Non-Motile Cilla

A

Hair- like about 7-10 um long

Every human cell has at least one

Serve sensory functions monitoring nearby conditions

35
Q

Motile Cilia

A

Less widespread
* respiratory track, uterine tubes, cavities of brain and testes

50-200 on a cell

Beat in waves-same direction- to propel materials

Beat in saline layer below mucus

36
Q

Flagella

A

Tail of sperm- only functional flagellum

Whip-like structure with structure identical to cilium
* much longer than cilium

Movement is snakelike

37
Q

Active Transport

A

Consume ATP

include active and vesicular transports

38
Q

Passive Transport

A

Requires no energy(ATP) from the cell

Random molecular motion of particles

ex: filtration, diffusion, osmosis

39
Q

Filtration

Passive or Active?
Carrier?

A

Physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane

Passive

ex: Coffee filter
Biological ex: filtration of waste from the blood in the kidneys while holding back blood cells and proteins

40
Q

Diffusion

Passive or Active?
Carrier?

A

Net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration- result of constant spontaneous motion

Passive

41
Q

Osmosis

Passive or Active?
Carrier?

A

Net flow of water from one side(high concentration)
of a selectively permeable membrane to the other side (low concentration)

Passive

42
Q

Carrier-Mediated Transport

A

Carrier binds to solutes that transport them to the other side of the membrane
* Can occur in and our of cell or organelle

43
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive or Active?
Carrier?

A

Carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient

No ATP required= Passive

44
Q

Primary Active Transport

Passive or Active?
Carrier?

A

carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradient

Uses ATP= Active

45
Q

Secondary Active Transport

Passive or Active?
Carrier?

A

Same as active but only depends indirectly on ATP

* hitches a ride on already active systems

46
Q

Vesicular Transport

Passive or Active?
Carrier?

Two types?

A

Movement of large particles , droplets of water or numerous molecules through the membrane via bubble like vesicles

Active

  • endocytosis
  • exocytosis
47
Q

Exocytosis

Passive or Active?
Carrier?

A

Process of discharging material from a cell

used to replace membrane

48
Q

5 factors affecting diffusion

TSMMM

A 
Temperature 
Steepness of Concentration Gradient 
Molecular weight 
Membrane Surface Area
Membrane Permeability
49
Q

Tonicity

3 types?

A

ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in the cell
* depends on concentration and permeability of solute

3 types

  • Hypotonic
  • Hypertonic
  • Isotonic
50
Q

Hypotonic

Effect on the cell?

A

Solution has lower concentration of non-permeating solutes then the ICF

Effect: causes cell to absorb water and swell

51
Q

Hypertonic

Effect on the cell?

A

Solution has a higher concentration of non- permeating solutes than the ICF

Effect: Causes cells to lose water and shrink

52
Q

Isotonic

Effect on the cell?

A

Equal concentrating of non- permeating solutes

Effect: Causes no change in cells (ex: normal saline)

53
Q

3 Types of Carriers

USA

A

Uniports
Symports
Antiports

54
Q

Uniports

A

Carry only one type of solute

55
Q

Symports

A

Carry two or more solutes through the membrane at the same time in the same direction

56
Q

Antiports

A

Carry two or more solutes through the membrane at the same time in DIFFERENT directions

57
Q

4 Functions of Sodium- Potassium Pump

MSHR

A

Maintenance of Membrane Potential

Secondary Active Transport

Heat Production

Regulation of Cell Volume

58
Q

2 Types of Vesicular Transport

A

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

59
Q

Endocytosis

A

Bringing materials into the cell

60
Q

Exocytosis

A

Bringing materials out of the cell

61
Q

Cytoskeleton

Determines?
Composed of?

A

structure and support the cell

Determine shape, organization,direction of material movement, and cell movement

Composed of: microfilaments, intermediate fibers, and microtubules

62
Q

Microfilaments

A

6nm thick made of protein actin

Form terminal web

supportive cores of microvilli

63
Q

Intermediate Fibers

A

8-10 nm thick

Give cell shape, resists stress, junctions with other cells

64
Q

Microtubules

A
  • 25 nm thick
  • Radiate from centrosome, hold organelles in place, maintain cell shape, “Rail Road Tracks”
  • Form Cilia and flagella base
  • Beating movement
  • NOT permanent (created and destroyed as needed)
65
Q

6 Membranous Organelles

MLGPEN

A 
Mitochondria 
Lysosomes 
Golgi Complex 
Peroxisomes 
Endoplasmic Reticulum 
Nucleus
66
Q

4 Non-Membranous Organelles

CCRB

A

Centrioles
Centrosomes
Ribosomes
Basal Bodies

67
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Largest organelle
  • 1 per cell
  • Contains cell chromosomes
  • genetic CONTROL CENTER
  • Enclosed by nuclear envelope
68
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Functions: FDCM
Types?

A
  • Interconnected Channels- CISTERNAE

Functions:

  • Synthesizes proteins and steroids
  • Detoxifies alcohol and drugs
  • Manufactures all membranes of the cell
  • Calcium storage

Smooth and Rough

69
Q

Ribosomes

Function?

A

Small granules of protein and RNA found in the nucleus, cytosol, and on the rough ER

Function: read coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins

70
Q

Golgi Complex

Functions?

A

Small system of flattened and curved cisternae
*stack of pita bread

Functions:

  • Synthesizes carbohydrates
  • Puts finishing touches on proteins
71
Q

Lysosomes

Functions?

A

Package of enzymes bound by unit membrane

  • Round or oval
  • produced by golgi complex

Functions:

  • Hydrolyze substances
  • Digest and dispose of organelles
  • Aide in cell suicide(autolysis)
72
Q

Peroxisomes

Functions?

A

Resemble Lysosome- different enzymes
Produced my rough ER
Abundant in kidney and liver

Functions:
*Use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules

73
Q

Mitochondria

Function?

A

Power house of the cell
lot of inter folds- maze like- ovoid shape

Function: synthesizes ATP

74
Q

Centrioles

Function?

A

cylinder assembly of microtubules
ALWAYS 2 lying perpendicular- forms centrosome
Base of cilia and flagellum

Function: role in cell division

75
Q

Inclusions

2 types?

A

Never enclose in a unit membrane
Not essential for cell survival

Types:

  • Stored Cellular Products
  • Foreign Bodies
76
Q

Stored Cellular Products

A

Glycogen granules, pigments, and fat droplets

77
Q

Foreign Bodies

A

viruses, intercellular bacteria, dust particles

Human Anatomy (19 decks)

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