Chapter 11: Muscles

Question 1

Universal Characteristics of Muscle

Answer 1

Responsiveness
Conductivity 
Contractility
Extensibility 
Elasticity

Question 2

Sarcolemma

Answer 2

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Question 3

Sarcoplasm

Answer 3

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

Question 4

Myofibrils

Answer 4

long protein bundles that take up most of the sarcoplasm

Question 5

Thick filaments

Answer 5

several hundred myosin molecules

Question 6

thin filaments

Answer 6

fibros actin, tropomyosin and troponin

Question 7

Elastic Filaments

Answer 7

contain titin

Question 8

a band

Answer 8

dark band

Question 9

I band

Answer 9

alternating lighter band

Question 10

H band

Answer 10

middle of Aband, thick filament only

Question 11

Z disc

Answer 11

provides anchorage for thin and elastic filaments

Question 12

Sarcomere

Answer 12

segment from Z disc to Z disc

Question 13

Motor Unit

Answer 13

one nerve fiber and all muscle fibers innervated by it

Question 14

Synapse

Answer 14

where a nerve fiber meets its target cell

Question 15

Neuromuscular

Junction

Answer 15

when target cell is a muscle fiber

Question 16

ACh

Answer 16

Stimulates muscle function

Question 17

Stimulation

Answer 17

Electrical signal travels down the nerve
Signal triggers a release of ACh (leaves nerve by extocytosis)
ACh is received in the muscle
Is the chemical messenger
Enzymes later dissolve the ACh to “turn off” the muscle

Question 18

Spastic Paralysis

Answer 18

continual contraction of muscles, possible suffering

Question 19

Flaccid Paralysis

Answer 19

muscles are limp and cannot contract

Question 20

Excitation

Answer 20

nerve action potentials lead to muscle action potentials

Question 21

Excitation contraction coupling

Answer 21

action potential on sarcolemma activates myofilaments, preparing them to contract

Question 22

Contraction

Answer 22

muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten

Question 23

Relaxation

Answer 23

fiber relaxes and returns to its resting length

Question 24

Optimum resting length

Answer 24

produces great force when muscle contracts

Question 25

Threshold

Answer 25

minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential in the muscles fiber to produce a contraction

Question 26

latent period

Answer 26

delay between the onset of stimulus and twitch

Question 27

Twitch

Answer 27

quick cycle of contraction and relaxation

Question 28

6 factors that effect the twitch

Answer 28

stimulus frequency
concentration of Ca+2

stretch of muscle before

temp

pH

hydration

Question 29

Treppe

Answer 29

pattern of increasing tension with repetitive stimulation

Question 30

Incomplete Tetanus

Answer 30

sustained fluttering contraction (wave)

Question 31

Complete Tetanus

Answer 31

smooth prolonged contraction

Question 32

Isometric Contraction

Answer 32

internal tension, while external resistance cause it to stay same length or get longer

Question 33

Isotonic Contraction

CONCENTRIC

Answer 33

muscle shortens as it maintains tension

Question 34

Isotonic Contraction

ECCENTRIC

Answer 34

muscle lengthens as it maintains tension

Question 35

Anaerobic

Answer 35

Enables cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen

SHORT TERM ENERGY

Question 36

Aerobic

Answer 36

produces much more ATP

LONG TERM ENERGY

Question 37

EPOC

Answer 37

difference between resting rate of oxygen consumption and elevated after exercise

Question 38

Slow twitch muscles

Answer 38

Deep red

adapted for aerobic respiration and fatigue resistance

Question 39

Fast Muscle twitch

Answer 39

Pale

adapted for anaerobic

Question 40

Muscular Dystrophy

Answer 40

skeletal muscles degenerate and weaken, and replaced with fat and fibrous scar tissue

Question 41

Limb-griddle

Answer 41

combo of several diseases

affect shoulders, arms, and pelvic muscles

Question 42

Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 42

antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions and bind ACh receptors together in clusters