CHAPTER ONE Flashcards
What is language development?
The learning of language from birth through early childhood
What do children learn when acquiring language?
Structural Aspects (phonology, morphology, etc)
Pragmatics and Discourse (social elements, speech acts, turn taking)
Metalinguistic Awareness (language play, jokes, etc)`
Early categories, intentional object play, first object words are major object knowledge milestones at what age?
<1yo
Pretend play and more sophisticated tool use
are major object knowledge milestones at what age?
1-2yo
Increased understanding of complex object systems and cause and effect relationships are major object knowledge milestones at what age?
2-3yo
Analogical reasoning skills (comparison based) are major object knowledge milestones at what age?
4+yo
Follow gaze of others, aware that others have intentions, engage in joint attention activities, and proto-declaritive pointing emerges are major theory of mind milestones at what age?
<1yo
Engages in altruistic behaviour, and can talk about feelings and desires are major theory of mind milestones at what age?
1-2yo
Can talk about memories and other mental states are major theory of mind milestones at what age?
2-3yo
False-belief reasoning matures and can talk about thinking states (knowing, concentrating, planning) are major theory of mind milestones at what age?
3-4+
Detecting differences involving addition and subtraction are major theory of number milestones at what age?
<1yo
Understand and can use terms such as “more” and “less”, and plurals and value of one are major theory of number milestones at what age?
1yo
Reciting the number sequence, may recognize numbers as numbers are major theory of number milestones at what age?
1-2yo
Begins to learn the “cardinal values” of numerosities 1-4 (howmanyness) are major theory of number milestones at what age?
2-3
Fully understands principles of cardinality are major theory of number milestones at what age?
3-4
What age is a child when they are able to recognize their own name based on language and comm. dev?
<1
What age is a child when they are able to engage in pointing based on language and comm. dev?
<1
What age is a child when they are producing their first words on language and comm. dev?
1yo
What age is a child when they have a 50-word productive vocab based on language and comm. dev?
1.5yr
What age is a child when they undergo a word spurt based on language and comm. dev?
1.5yo
What age is a child when they have approx. 500 word productive vocab based on language and comm. dev?
2.5yo
What age is a child when they have word combinations and complex grammar (incl. questions and negotiations) based on language and comm. dev?
2.5yo
At what age does inner speech begin to develop?
2.5yo and up
At what age do narrative skills begin to develop?
3yo
At what age are preliteracy skills developed?
4yo
What is theory of mind?
The theory that other persons have minds and that mental contents such as beliefs and intentions guide others’ behavior
Are we born with theory of mind?
No, it must be learned in childhood`
What is object knowledge?
The way infants learn about objects, such as how they expect objects to remain hidden or become visible when passing behind an occluder
What is theory of number?
A developmental theory of number understanding explaining how children’s understanding of numbers changes during the early years of school
What are the 4 major theories of child lang dev.?
Behaviourism
Cognitivism
Nativism
Empiricisim
Define behaviourism theory
Lang is learned through reinforcement
Explains lang learning in terms of external factors
Operant conditioning
T/F: Behaviourism believes that language is innate
False
Define cognitivism theory
Lang is acquired w/o reinforcement
Children have a linguistic capacity
Define Nativism
Knowledge is innate, not learned
Posits lang specific module in brain
Needs little input from environment
Define empiricism
The mind is a blank slate at birth
All knowledge comes from experience
Posits general cognitive mechanisms that allow kids to work out “rules” of lang
Needs lots of input from environment
Which two lang dev theories believe that environmental input is vital for childrens’ lang dev?
Behaviourism & Empiricism
What are the three empiricism offshoots?
Interactionist
Constructivist
Emergentist
Define Interactionist views
Emphasizes child’s experience in comm. interaction
Explain Constructivist views
Hold that language is constructed using inborn “equipment” that operates of info in the environ.
Explain emergentist views
Posits that lang arises from the interation of bio based learning mechanisms (eg pattern recognition) AND input from the environ.
Which age of verbal communication is a child at when they are startled by noises, turn head towards sounds, calmed by the sound of a voice, prefer mother’s voice and discriminates LOTS of speech sounds?
newborn
Which age of verbal communication is a child at when they smile when spoken to?
1-2 mos
Which age of verbal communication is a child at when they respond differently to different expressive intonations and responds to caregivers’ “turn-taking” routines?
3-7mos
Which age of verbal communication is a child at when they respond to their name, says “no”, recognizes and interacts appropriately w games (ie peekaboo) and later recognize simplistic words?
8-12mos
What are the four characteristics of intentional communication?
Eye contact
Gesture and vocalization become specific
Turn taking
Persistant comm. attempts
What does LAD stand for?
Language Acquisition Device
Who posited the LAD?
Chomsky
What is the LAD theory?
a hypothetical tool in the brain that helps children learn language and accounts for the order in which children learn structures, and the mistakes they make as they learn
Which theory supports LAD?
Nativism
What does UG stand for?
Universal Grammar
What is UG?
a theory that suggests that humans have an innate ability to acquire language
Who posited UG?
Chomsky
How is UG supposed to work?
idea that there are innate constraints on what the grammar of a human language can be; children adopt specific syntactic rules that conform to UG when they receive linguistic stimuli during language acquisition
What methods are used to test children’s lang dev pre-sophisticated vocalisation?
Sucking Habituation Stimuli and Head turn Technique
provide a brief explanation of head turn paradigm
babies trained to turn their heads to something new in their environment; begin to automatically turn; then anticipate the stimuli
provide a brief explanation of the sucking habituation paradigm
babies prefer novel stimuli; once they habituate, sucking decreases
