CHAPTER FIVE (lecture 1) Flashcards
What are the 6 ontological categories of words?
- Movers
- Movables
- Recipients
- Locations/Places
- Instruments
- Activities
Adult caretakers and vehicles are an example of which ontological category?
Movers
Clothing, toys and food are an example of which ontological category?
Movables
People who children can hand things to are an example of which ontological category?
Recipients (duh)
Where objects are kept/set are an example of which ontological category?
Locations/Places
Things that can be used to get things done are an example of which ontological category?
Instruments
Diaper changing and bedtime are an example of which ontological category?
Activities
When do children typically produce their first words?
Approx. 1yo
By which age do children have approx. 50 words?
24mos
T/F: Word development is linked to motor development.
True
At what age do children begin to match adult words to their existing concepts?
10-13mos
T/F: Production usually precedes comprehension
False
At what age do children begin to acquire a small number of words in production?
11-15mos
What are words constrained by for children age 11-15mos?
Context
At what age do children acquire new words for old concepts, form new concepts to match novel words and begin using new words to characterize new instances?
16-20mos
At what age do words start to become referential?
16-20mos
What are first words usually characterized by?
Intellectual and social meaning (ie the people most interacted with and concepts most personally connected to)
After first words, what do subsequent patterns of word acquisition reflect?
Development in semantic system and cognitive development
T/F: Children tend to produce few words that sound like each other
True
When children have around 50 words, what lexical categories are most prominent? What percentage of those 50 words fall into this lexical category?
Nouns
80%
What are the 8-10 words that occur frequently in a variety of contexts labelled as?
Core group of vocab
When children have around 600 words, what percent of these words are nouns?
40%
When children have around 600 words, what percent of these words are verbs and adjectives?
25%
When children have around 600 words, what percent of these words are function words?
15%
What are 3 reasons that nouns may be acquired earlier in English?
Easiest to distinguish/identify from surroundings
Directed to children more frequently
Less linguistically complex than verbs
What is a mapping problem?
When an infant hears a word, not usually obvious from context what the word refers to
A child thinking that the word “pretty” means “flower” is an example of this:
“Fast mapping”/ “Mapping Problem”
What are two possible reasons that mapping problems arise?
Lexical and pragmatic restraints
Syntactic bootstrapping
Fill in the blank: children assume that words refer to ____ as their first hypothesis
Objects (nouns)
Fill in the blank: children assume that words refer to the ______ ______ (2 words)
Whole object
Fill in the blank: children assume that every object can have only ____ name
One
Define the principle of mutual exclusivity
Believing that every object can only have one name
What issue does mutual exclusivity evoke?
Trouble with class-inclusion relations (ie: dog, animal, Fido)
Fill in the blank: children assume new words refer to categories that ___ ___ already have a name (2 words)
Do not
Define Principle of Contrast
No two words have exactly the same meaning
New words should map to new objects
Define word extension
New words can be extended to other members of the same category/taxonomic constraint
(ie, dog, animal, Fido)
Define syntactic bootstrapping
Children using syntactic structure to determine word meaning
The following is an example of this principle:
Twenty-seven month olds shown two screens and heard:
* ‘The duck and the horse are gorping’, OR ‘The duck is gorping the horse’.
* Children looked at the appropriate picture of ‘gorping’
Syntactic bootstrapping
What are the three kinds of mismappings?
No overlap
Underextension
Overextension
Define a no overlap mismatching
A word “accidentally” being used in some regular context by an adult so child mis-analyzes what it refers to and uses it improperly
Define underextension
A word used for limited reference, not the full scope of the word (ie only using “doggie” for their dog”
Define overextension
A child using a word that is inconsistent with but in some way related to the adult meaning of a word (ie calling all 4 legged animals “doggie”)
What is the Mental Lexicon?
a person’s internal dictionary of words, storing information about their meanings, pronunciations, and grammatical properties
