CHAPTER FOUR Flashcards
highly important for data sets (i think)
What are the 3 pre-linguistic areas of development?
Perceptual and motor skills
Cognitive skills
Social Skills
How do perceptual/motor skills develop during the preling phase?
Able to volitionarily control motions
How do cognitive skills develop during the preling phase?
Developing categories and concepts
Object permanence
How do social skills develop during the preling phase?
Can get across comm. intent (speech acts)
What age is considered prelinguistic?
0-12mos
What are speech acts?
Speech acts are actions performed through language, like requesting, promising, or apologizing
What are the 4 stages of phonological development?
- Prelinguistic
- Emerging/First words
- Phonemic Development
- Stabilization
At what age are children in the prelinguistic phonological development stage?
0-12mos
At what age are children in the emerging/first words phonological development stage?
1-1.6yo
At what age are children in the phonemic development phonological development stage?
1.6-4yos
At what age are children in the stabilization phonological development stage?
4+yo
What are the 3 preling vocalizations?
- reflexive crying and vegetative sounds
- cooing and laughter
- vocal play
At what age does the following preling vocalization emerge: reflexive crying?
0-8weeks
At what age does the following preling vocalization emerge: vegetative sounds?`
0-8 weeks
At what age does the following preling vocalization emerge: cooing
8-20 weeks
At what age does the following preling vocalization emerge: vocal play?
16-30 weeks
Define reflexive crying and vegetative sounds
Mostly done to breathe and crying
Define cooing
drawn out phonological chunks repeating
Define vocal play
Beginning of speech sounds (long vowels, syllables, intonation)
When does vocal play often begin?
When babies begin moving independently
T/F: vocal play is a reflex
False
Define the two kinds of babbling
Reduplicated babbling and non-reduplicated/jargon babbling
Define reduplicated babbling
Repeating the same sound/syllable (bababa)
Has sentence-like intonation
At what age does reduplicated babbling occur?
6-11mos
At what age does non-reduplicated babbling occur?
9mos
Define non-reduplicated/jargon babbling
Vocalizations in varied syllable structure (tadi)
Begin playing w vocal quality, pitch, etc
Sounds like Simlish
T/F: Deaf babies do not go through babbling stages
False; they do
Define phonetically consistent form in emerging words
No obvious referent
Interpreted as a specific meaning but not phonetically stable
Define Referentially stable (pre-words) in emerging words
Sounds repeated when looking or pointing at a specific thing
(ie goose honk meaning “there’s an animal”)
Define gesture supported sensory-motor morphemes in emerging words
Consistent meaning
Gesture paired w/ utterance
Said spontaneously
Define true word in emerging words
Referentially consistent
Said in a variety of contexts
Object permanence
No specific gesture connection
T/F: some linguists posit that a child develops phonology at 18mos which then leads to a word spurt
True
What speech sounds are developed (typically) at 18mos
Nasals: [m, n]
Glides: [w, j]
Stops/Affricates: [p, t, k, glottal stop]
Fricatives: [h]
What speech sounds are developed (typically) at 24mos
Nasals:
Glides:
Stops/Affricates: [p, t, k (aspirated all)] [b, d, g]
Fricatives: [idk what that is supposed to be]
What speech sounds are developed (typically) at 36mos
Nasals: [nj]
Glides: [l]
Stops/Affricates:
Fricatives: [f]
What speech sounds are developed (typically) at 48mos
Nasals:
Glides: [r]
Stops/Affricates: [tf, d3]
Fricatives: [waterslide]
What speech sounds are developed (typically) at 5-6yrs
Nasals:
Glides:
Stops/Affricates:
Fricatives: [theta, esh, v, s, z, 3]
T/F: Nasals are typically the last to develop in a child’s acquisition of speech sounds
False; they are first
T/F: Advanced fricatives are typically the last to develop in a child’s acquisition of speech sounds
True
T/F: All stops develop at once in a child’s acquisition of speech sounds
False; aspirated stops occur at 24mos
What will a child substitute labials and alveolars for at 18mos?
Velars
What will a child substitute stops for at 2yrs?
Fricatives
What will a child substitute glides for at 4yrs?
Liquids
What will a child substitute laminals for at 5yrs?
Sibilants
What will a child substitute “easier” fricatives for at 5yrs?
Harder fricatives
What are the three common English syllable structures?
CV
CVCV
CVC
T/f: Children will change words to fit into common syllable structures in English
True
Which syllable will children drop if a word is long than two syllables?
The unstressed one
T/F: Children will drop the stressed syllable when confronted with a word over 3 syllables
False
What are the 4 typical changes children make to conform to syllable templates?
- Voicing
- Nasality
- Consonant Harmony
- Consonant Hierarchy
Define voicing change to conform to a syllable template
Changing a voiced phoneme into a voiceless one (ie “toad” [towd]->[dowd]
Define nasality change to conform to a syllable template
Either adding or subtracting nasalization on a consonant preceding a nasal
(ie: “bump” [bʌmp]->[mʌmp])
Define consonant harmony change to conform to a syllable template
Repeating the same segment twice (ie: “kitty” [kiti]->[kiki]
Define consonant hierarchy change to conform to a syllable template
Some children have a hierarchy preference for pronounciation (ie: if preferring [g] “dig” [dIg]->[gIg]
What does the acquisition of phonology mean?
learning to distinguish, produce, and
represent the sounds and sound patterns of adult language
T/F: Children’s pronunciations are adult-like
False
What are the three components of early phonological development?
- General Patterns of Development
- Individual Differences
- Atypical Development
What are the two types of analyses used in assessing younger children?
Independent Analysis
Relational Analysis
Define Independent Analysis
Focuses on the sound types and syllable structures produced by the child independent of the adult target
Define Relational Analysis
Comparing a child’s pronunciation of a word w/ the adult form and identifies what is correct/incorrect in relation to adult target
What two criteria are used to determine if a child is a late talker?
<50 words at 24mos
Phonetic inventory w/ only 4-5 consonants and limited vowels
T/F: Vowels develop before consonants
True
