Chapter Nine/Ten

Question 1

an interdisciplinary field that examines how people use language to communicate ideas

Answer 1

psycholinguistics

Question 2

grammatical rules that govern how we organize words into sentences

Answer 2

syntax

Question 3

the area of linguistics that examines the meaning of words and sentences

Answer 3

semantics

Question 4

our organized knowledge about the world

Answer 4

semantic memory

Question 5

refers to our knowledge of the social rules that underlie language use

Answer 5

pragmatics

Question 6

people have a set of specific linguistic abilities that is separated from our other cognitive processes, such as memory and decision making

Answer 6

language is modular

Question 7

structure represented by the words that are actually spoken or written

Answer 7

surface structure

Question 8

structure the underlying, more abstract meaning of a sentence

Answer 8

deep structure

Question 9

how to convert deep structure into a surface structure that they can speak or write

Answer 9

transformational rules

Question 10

two sentences may have identical surface structures but very different deep structures

Answer 10

ambiguous sentences

Question 11

the most basic unit of spoken language
(a, k, ah)

Answer 11

phoneme

Question 12

the basic unit of meaning
(re, ed, er)

Answer 12

morpheme

Question 13

emphasizes that the function of human language in everyday life is to communicate meaning to other individuals

Answer 13

cognitive-functional approach

Question 14

one phrase is embedded within another phrase

Answer 14

nested structure

Question 15

we frequently only process only part of a sentence

Answer 15

the good-enough approach

Question 16

a general rule that is typically accurate

Answer 16

heuristic

Question 17

a discipline that examines how the brain processes language

Answer 17

neurolinguistics

Question 18

a person who has difficulty communicating caused by damage to the speech areas of the brain

Answer 18

aphasia

Question 19

damage that typically leads to hesitant speech that primarily uses isolated words and short phrases

Answer 19

broca’s area

Question 20

characterized by an expressive-language deficit or trouble producing language

Answer 20

broca’s aphasia

Question 21

people with this type of aphasia have difficulties understanding language and often have severe problems with language comprehension

Answer 21

wernicke’s aphasia

Question 22

each hemisphere of the brain has somewhat different functions

Answer 22

lateralization

Question 23

a network of neurons in the brain’s motor cortex, these are activated when you watch someone perform an action

Answer 23

mirror system

Question 24

errors in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more different words

Answer 24

slip-of-the-tongue effect

Question 25

visible movements of any part of our body that are used to communicate

Answer 25

gestures

Question 26

emphasizes that people use their bodies to express their knowledge

Answer 26

embodied cognition

Question 27

during the first stage of speech production we mentally plan the ___

Answer 27

gist

Question 28

the challenge of arranging words in an ordered, linear sequence

Answer 28

linearization problem

Question 29

the melody of a words intonation, rhythm, and emphasis

Answer 29

prosody

Question 30

language units that are larger than a sentence

Answer 30

discourse

Question 31

the type of discourse in which someone describes a series of actual or fictional events

Answer 31

narrative

Question 32

occurs when conversationalists share similar background knowledge, schemas, and perspectives that are necessary for mutual understanding

Answer 32

common ground

Question 33

a sentence that asks someone to do something

Answer 33

a directive

Question 34

resolves the interpersonal problem in a very obvious fashion

Answer 34

direct request

Question 35

uses subtle suggestions to resolve an interpersonal problem, rather than stating the request in a straightforward manner

Answer 35

indirect request