Chapter Eight Flashcards
logical interpretations and conclusions about a piece of information that go past what is given
inference
a set of objects that belong together
category
mental representations of a category
concept
our knowledge often depends on the context that surrounds us
situated cognition approach
describe a prototype
the item that is the best, most typical, example of a category
-your idealized version of a category
approach where a particular item belongs to a category by comparing it to an idealized version
prototype approach
the degree to which an item is representative of its category
prototypicality
describe graded structure
a category can be arranged by beginning with the most prototypical members and continuing to the least prototypical
people respond faster to an item if it was preceded by an item with similar meaning
semantic priming effect
people tend to judge prototypes faster than non-prototypes
typicality effect
no single attribute is shared by all examples of a concept, though each example has at least one attribute in common with the other examples in the concept
family resemblance
describe superordinate, basic, and subordinate-level categories
superordinate- more general categories
basic- moderately specific
subordinate- more specific categories
examples:
furniture, chair, desk chair
animal, dog, golden retriever
tool, screwdriver, Phillips screwdriver
approach where semantic memory is a netlike organization of concepts with many interconnections
network models
in the network model of semantic memory, each concept is represented by a ____
node
in the network model of semantic memory, when one concept is activated this spreads to the other concepts connected to that one
spreading activation
what is ACT-R?
a type of network model by John Anderson
(adaptive control of thought-rational)
knowledge about facts and things, easy to explain out loud
declarative knowledge
a pattern of interconnected propositions
propositional network
the smallest unit of knowledge people can judge to be true or false
proposition
cognitive processes can be represented by a model similar to the brain
parallel distributed processing
using individual cases to draw inferences about general information
spontaneous generation
we can fill in missing information about a person or object based on people or objects similar to them
default assignment
these determine how much activation one unit can pass to another
connection weights
the brain’s ability to provide partial information
graceful degredation
when you know the information you are seeking, but you cannot retrieve it
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
generalized, well integrated knowledge about a situation, event, or a person
schema
therapy where the client’s core beliefs are examined to create more helpful strategies
schema therapy
(woman says her boss gave her praise but she didn’t deserve it, you would try to change her view on that)
a well-structured series of events you are familiar with
script
a list of events a person believes will happen throughout their life
life script
our tendency to think we remember a greater view of a scene than we actually did
boundary extension
word-for-word recall
verbatim memory
when a person “remembers” an event that did not actually occur
false memory
people integrate information from individual sentences in order to construct larger ideas
constructive model of memory
people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to their current goals
pragmatic view of memory
we take in new information in a schema-consistent fashion
memory integration
people can mentally pair two related words together much more easily than they can pair two unrelated words
implicit association test (IAT)
a general rule or problem-solving strategy that usually produces the correct answer but can also lead to cognitive errors
heuristic
