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PSY 336- Cognitive Psychology > Chapter Eight > Flashcards

Chapter Eight Flashcards

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1
Q

logical interpretations and conclusions about a piece of information that go past what is given

A

inference

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2
Q

a set of objects that belong together

A

category

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3
Q

mental representations of a category

A

concept

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4
Q

our knowledge often depends on the context that surrounds us

A

situated cognition approach

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5
Q

describe a prototype

A

the item that is the best, most typical, example of a category
-your idealized version of a category

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6
Q

approach where a particular item belongs to a category by comparing it to an idealized version

A

prototype approach

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7
Q

the degree to which an item is representative of its category

A

prototypicality

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8
Q

describe graded structure

A

a category can be arranged by beginning with the most prototypical members and continuing to the least prototypical

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9
Q

people respond faster to an item if it was preceded by an item with similar meaning

A

semantic priming effect

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10
Q

people tend to judge prototypes faster than non-prototypes

A

typicality effect

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11
Q

no single attribute is shared by all examples of a concept, though each example has at least one attribute in common with the other examples in the concept

A

family resemblance

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12
Q

describe superordinate, basic, and subordinate-level categories

A

superordinate- more general categories
basic- moderately specific
subordinate- more specific categories

examples:
furniture, chair, desk chair
animal, dog, golden retriever
tool, screwdriver, Phillips screwdriver

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13
Q

approach where semantic memory is a netlike organization of concepts with many interconnections

A

network models

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14
Q

in the network model of semantic memory, each concept is represented by a ____

A

node

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15
Q

in the network model of semantic memory, when one concept is activated this spreads to the other concepts connected to that one

A

spreading activation

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16
Q

what is ACT-R?

A

a type of network model by John Anderson

(adaptive control of thought-rational)

17
Q

knowledge about facts and things, easy to explain out loud

A

declarative knowledge

18
Q

a pattern of interconnected propositions

A

propositional network

19
Q

the smallest unit of knowledge people can judge to be true or false

A

proposition

20
Q

cognitive processes can be represented by a model similar to the brain

A

parallel distributed processing

21
Q

using individual cases to draw inferences about general information

A

spontaneous generation

22
Q

we can fill in missing information about a person or object based on people or objects similar to them

A

default assignment

23
Q

these determine how much activation one unit can pass to another

A

connection weights

24
Q

the brain’s ability to provide partial information

A

graceful degredation

25
Q

when you know the information you are seeking, but you cannot retrieve it

A

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

26
Q

generalized, well integrated knowledge about a situation, event, or a person

A

schema

27
Q

therapy where the client’s core beliefs are examined to create more helpful strategies

A

schema therapy

(woman says her boss gave her praise but she didn’t deserve it, you would try to change her view on that)

28
Q

a well-structured series of events you are familiar with

A

script

29
Q

a list of events a person believes will happen throughout their life

A

life script

30
Q

our tendency to think we remember a greater view of a scene than we actually did

A

boundary extension

31
Q

word-for-word recall

A

verbatim memory

32
Q

when a person “remembers” an event that did not actually occur

A

false memory

33
Q

people integrate information from individual sentences in order to construct larger ideas

A

constructive model of memory

34
Q

people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to their current goals

A

pragmatic view of memory

35
Q

we take in new information in a schema-consistent fashion

A

memory integration

36
Q

people can mentally pair two related words together much more easily than they can pair two unrelated words

A

implicit association test (IAT)

37
Q

a general rule or problem-solving strategy that usually produces the correct answer but can also lead to cognitive errors

A

heuristic

PSY 336- Cognitive Psychology (11 decks)

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