Chapter Five

Question 1

type of memory that stores a vast amount of information and experiences from throughout your life

Answer 1

long-term memory

Question 2

type of memory that is focused on events that you have personally experienced

Answer 2

episodic memory

Question 3

type of memory that stores information about factual information

Answer 3

semantic memory

Question 4

type of memory that refers to your ability to physically complete a task

Answer 4

procedural memory

Question 5

when you process information and turn it into memory

Answer 5

encoding

Question 6

when you access information that has been encoded in memory

Answer 6

retrieval

Question 7

deep, meaningful processing of information leads to more accurate retrieval than shallow, sensory processing

Answer 7

levels-of-processing approach
or
depth-of-processing approach

Question 8

when a stimulus is different than others in memory in a way that makes it stick out

Answer 8

distinctivness

Question 9

requires deep processing in terms of meaning and interconnected concepts

Answer 9

elaboration

Question 10

when you remember more information that you can relate to yourself

Answer 10

self-reference effect

Question 11

a statistical method of synthesizing numerous studies on a single topic

Answer 11

meta-analysis

Question 12

recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding

Answer 12

encoding-specificity principle

Question 13

participants must reproduce the items they learned earlier

Answer 13

recall task

Question 14

participants must judge whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time

Answer 14

recognition task

Question 15

pleasant items are better remembered than less pleasant items

Answer 15

pollyanna principle

Question 16

people tend to rate unpleasant events more positively the more time that has passed

Answer 16

positivity effect

Question 17

you recall material more accurately when your mood is consistent with the material

Answer 17

mood congruence

(this is like, if you are in a pleasant mood you will remember pleasant things better than unpleasant things)

Question 18

describe explicit memory tasks

Answer 18

the researcher directly asks you to remember information, you realize that your memory is being tested, and then the test requires you to intentionally retrieve some information you previously learned

Question 19

describe implicit memory task

Answer 19

researchers show the material, then later you complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask for either recall or recognition

Question 20

describe repetition priming tasks

Answer 20

recent exposure to a word increases the likelihood that you will think of that particular words, when given a cue that could evoke many words

Question 21

implicit vs. explicit memory tasks:
when a variable has different effects in Test A than it does in Test B

Answer 21

dissociation

Question 22

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage

Answer 22

retrograde amnesia

Question 23

loss of ability to form new memories

Answer 23

anterograde amnesia

Question 24

impressive memory abilities and exceptional performance on representative tasks in specific memory areas

Answer 24

expertise

Question 25

we’re more accurate in identifying members of your own ethnicity than those of others

Answer 25

own-ethnicity bias

Question 26

memory for events and issues related to yourself

Answer 26

autobiographical memory

Question 27

if the conditions research will be applied in are the same as the conditions where the research is conducted

Answer 27

ecological validity

Question 28

your general knowledge that is instilled from past experiences with someone or something

Answer 28

schema

Question 29

we tend to exaggerate the consistency between how we currently view something and our past feelings and beliefs about it

Answer 29

consistency bias

Question 30

the process of trying to identify the origin of a memory

Answer 30

source monitoring

Question 31

process of trying to figure out if a memory is real or if you imagined it

Answer 31

reality monitoring

Question 32

memory for circumstances in which you learned about a surprising and emotionally arousing event

Answer 32

flashbulb memory

Question 33

describe the post-event misinformation effect

Answer 33

people view an event, are told misleading information about the event, then later recall the inaccurate info instead of what actually happened

Question 34

proactive interference

Answer 34

people have trouble remembering new information when old material similar to the topic interferes with the new material

Question 35

describe retroactive interference

Answer 35

people have trouble remembering old memories when new material interferes with old material

Question 36

describe the constructivist approach to memory

Answer 36

we construct knowledge by integrating what we know, this results in our understanding of an event or topic being coherant and making sense

Question 37

memories that are forgotten for many years and resurfaced later in life

Answer 37

recovered-memory perspective

Question 38

memories that are forgotten and recovered later in life are actually incorrect memories

Answer 38

false-memory perspective