Chapter Five Flashcards
type of memory that stores a vast amount of information and experiences from throughout your life
long-term memory
type of memory that is focused on events that you have personally experienced
episodic memory
type of memory that stores information about factual information
semantic memory
type of memory that refers to your ability to physically complete a task
procedural memory
when you process information and turn it into memory
encoding
when you access information that has been encoded in memory
retrieval
deep, meaningful processing of information leads to more accurate retrieval than shallow, sensory processing
levels-of-processing approach
or
depth-of-processing approach
when a stimulus is different than others in memory in a way that makes it stick out
distinctivness
requires deep processing in terms of meaning and interconnected concepts
elaboration
when you remember more information that you can relate to yourself
self-reference effect
a statistical method of synthesizing numerous studies on a single topic
meta-analysis
recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding
encoding-specificity principle
participants must reproduce the items they learned earlier
recall task
participants must judge whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time
recognition task
pleasant items are better remembered than less pleasant items
pollyanna principle
people tend to rate unpleasant events more positively the more time that has passed
positivity effect
you recall material more accurately when your mood is consistent with the material
mood congruence
(this is like, if you are in a pleasant mood you will remember pleasant things better than unpleasant things)
describe explicit memory tasks
the researcher directly asks you to remember information, you realize that your memory is being tested, and then the test requires you to intentionally retrieve some information you previously learned
describe implicit memory task
researchers show the material, then later you complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask for either recall or recognition
describe repetition priming tasks
recent exposure to a word increases the likelihood that you will think of that particular words, when given a cue that could evoke many words
implicit vs. explicit memory tasks:
when a variable has different effects in Test A than it does in Test B
dissociation
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage
retrograde amnesia
loss of ability to form new memories
anterograde amnesia
impressive memory abilities and exceptional performance on representative tasks in specific memory areas
expertise
we’re more accurate in identifying members of your own ethnicity than those of others
own-ethnicity bias
memory for events and issues related to yourself
autobiographical memory
if the conditions research will be applied in are the same as the conditions where the research is conducted
ecological validity
your general knowledge that is instilled from past experiences with someone or something
schema
we tend to exaggerate the consistency between how we currently view something and our past feelings and beliefs about it
consistency bias
the process of trying to identify the origin of a memory
source monitoring
process of trying to figure out if a memory is real or if you imagined it
reality monitoring
memory for circumstances in which you learned about a surprising and emotionally arousing event
flashbulb memory
describe the post-event misinformation effect
people view an event, are told misleading information about the event, then later recall the inaccurate info instead of what actually happened
proactive interference
people have trouble remembering new information when old material similar to the topic interferes with the new material
describe retroactive interference
people have trouble remembering old memories when new material interferes with old material
describe the constructivist approach to memory
we construct knowledge by integrating what we know, this results in our understanding of an event or topic being coherant and making sense
memories that are forgotten for many years and resurfaced later in life
recovered-memory perspective
memories that are forgotten and recovered later in life are actually incorrect memories
false-memory perspective
