Chapter II Study Guide (Foundations Of Language) Flashcards
What is Natural phonetic class?
groups of sounds that share common phonetic features.
What is an allophone?
sounds that are considered to be the same sound although they are different phonetically in terms of aspiration, voicing, and point of articulation
What is Aspiration?
a puff of air that accompanies production of sound
puff or air following stop consonants
Describe Elision
Elision is the deletion of an undressed syllable in conversational speech
Describe Epenthesis
epenthesis is when a sound is added usually the sound “uhh”
What are suprasegmentals?
speech features that add meaning to words and phrases by extending over syllables and words they include tone, pitch, stress, rhythm and loudness
examples: stress, intonation, tone, pitch, and rhythm
What is a common noun?
a noun denoting a class of objects or a concept as opposed to a particular individual
Example: dog, girl country
What is a proper noun?
A name used for an individual person, place, or organization spelled with initial capital letters
Example: Larry, Mexico, the United States of America
Concrete nouns
refer to physical things
example: dog, house, book, teacher
Abstract Nouns
refer to ideas or concepts
example: brilliance, beauty, courage, confidence
Mass Noun
refers to a noun that cannot be individually counted
example: water or air
Count Noun
refers to a noun that can be counted
exampe: apple, chair, banana
Collective Nouns
a noun that denotes a group of individuals
example: herd of cattle, swarm of bees, school of fish
Principle verbs
also known as the main verb, the most important verb in a sentence
Auxiliar Verb
a verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs
example: be, can, could, do, have, must, need, will, would
Simple verb
a word tha describes an action of state of being
example: run, jump, eat, sleep, and be
Progressive Verb
a verb form that indicate ongoing or continous action, usually formed by adding -ing to the main verb and using a form of the ver “to be” before it
examples: is running, was walking, will be studying
Perfect Tense Verbs
a verb form that indicates when an action has happened in relaiton to another action
types of perfect tense: past, present, and future
Nominal Pronouns
a prounoun that functions as the subject of a sentence
example: I, he, she, we, they, and who
Objective pronouns
a prounoun that recieves the action in a sentence
usually appear after a verb or preposition
Reflexive Pronouns
a pronoun that refers to the same person or thing as the subject of a verb
example: “he hurt himself” himself is a reflexive pronoun
Derivational Morphemes
is an affix (prefix or suffix) added to a base word to create a new word with a different meaning or part of speech, changes the core meaning of the word by adding a new layer of meaning to it
examples: “unhappy” -un is the derivational morpheme
Inflectional Morphemes
suffixes that change the grammatical meaning of a word, such as its tense, number, or possession. added to the end of a word and do not change the word’s part of speech or meaning
examples of inflectional morphemes:
-ed (verb past tense)
-s (noun plural)
-est (adjective superlative)
-‘s (noun possessive)
-ing (verb present participle)
-en (verb past participle)
-er (adjective comparative)
-s (verb present tense)
Gerund Vs. Verb
a gerund is a verb form that functions as a noun, always ending in “ing”
while a verb is a word that describes an action or a state of being, and can be used in different tenses and forms to indicate the timing of that action
Example of Common noun
Dog, country , river, butterfly
Example of proper Nouns
Harry Potter, United States, Harvard, Football, Rose
Example of concrete Nouns
bottle, car, hammer, table, ball
Example of an abstract noun
life, love, sleep, envy, calm
Example of a count noun
bananas, lake, woman, bank, beaches
ple
What is an example of Mass nouns
salt, rice, milk, juice, soap, hair
Example of collective nouns
a company of actors, a pack of wolves, a litter of kittens
Principa; vs Auxiliary
principle refers to a standard, rule, or belief
while auxiliary refers to a verb that helps another verb in a sentence
example of simple verbs?
study, talk, taste, suceed, suffer, wish
example of progressive verbs
“the cake is baking”
“I am running”
perfect tense verbs
present: I have been cooking dinner
past perfect: “She had turned in her test right as the bell rang”
futrue perfect: “I will have gone seven hours without eating by the time I finish work.”
Nominal pronoun
I, you, he, she, it, we, and they
objective pronoun
“Me, you, him, her, it, us, and them”
mine, yours, his, hersm ours, or theirs
indicates ownership of something, replacing a noun phrase to avoid repetition
Example of reflexive pronoun
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves
