Chapter Eight: Memory Flashcards
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
Memory
What is the input of information into the memory system?
Encoding
What is easily recalled information called?
Automatic Processing
What requires attention and effort to recall information called?
Effortful Processing
What is the input of words and their meaning called?
Semantic Encoding
What is the input of images called?
Visual Encoding
What is the input of sounds called?
Acoustic Encoding
What is the tendency to have better memory for information of personal relevance?
Self-Reference Effect
What is the creation of a permanent record of information called?
Storage
What are the storage of brief sensory events like sights, sounds, and tastes called?
Sensory Memory
What is the temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory?
Short-Term Memory
What is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered called?
Rehearsel
What is the movement of information from short-term memory to long-term memory called?
Memory Consolidation
What is the continuous storage of information called?
Long-Term Memory
What type of memory requires consciously trying to remember and recall information?
Explicit Memory
What type of memory does not require consciously trying to remember and recall information?
Implicit Memory
What stores information about how to do things and is a type of implicit memory?
Procedural Memory
What stores facts and events we personally experience (also known as explicit memory)?
Declarative Memory
What is information about events that we have personally experienced?
Episodic Memory
What is the act of getting information out of storage and back into conscious awareness?
Retrieval
What is the access to information without cues?
Recall
What is the act of being able to identify information after encountering it again?
Recognition
What is the act of learning information again?
Relearning
What is the group of neurons that serve as the “physical representation of memory”?
Engram
If part of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part can take over that part’s memory function.
Equipotentially Hypothesis
What part of the brain attaches emotional significance to memories and regulates emotions like fear and aggression?
Amygdala
What part of the brain helps process and retrieve memories?
Hippocampus
What parts of the brain process procedural and working memory?
Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex
Strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, while weak emotions trigger the formation of weaker memories.
Arousal Theory
What is the exceptionally clear recollection of an important event (EX. Where you were when 9/11 happened)?
Flashbulb Memory
What is the loss of long-term memory as a result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma?
Amnesia
What is the inability to remember information after an incident, while remembering information before the incident?
Anterograde Amnesia
What is the loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma?
Retrograde Amnesia
What is the formulation of new memories called?
Construction
What is the process of bringing up old memories?
Reconstruction
What are the effects of misinformation from external sources that lead to false memories called?
Suggestibility
After exposure to false information, a person may misremember the original event. What is this called?
False Memory Syndrome
What is it called when the accessibility of memory decreases over time?
Transience
What is forgetting caused by lapses in attention called?
Absentmindedness
What is it called when the accessibility of information is temporarily blocked?
Blocking
What is it called when the source of memory is confused?
Misattribution
What are memories distorted by current belief systems called?
Bias
What is the inability to forget undesirable memories called?
Persistence
What is it called when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information?
Proactive Interference
What is it called when newly learned information hinders the recall of old information?
Retroactive Interference
What is it called when you organize information into manageable chunks?
Chunking
What is it called when you think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory?
Elaborative Rehearsal
These help you organize information for encoding (EX. Mr. VEM J SUN)
Mnemonic Devices
