chapter 9: theories of social development Flashcards
intermittent reinforcement
inconsistent response to a behavior; for example, sometimes punishing unacceptable behaviors, and other times ignoring it
behavior modification
a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior
vicarious reinforcement
observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
reciprocal determinism
child-environment influences operate in both directions; children are both affected by and influence aspects of their environment
self-socialization
the idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on
role taking
being aware of the perspective of another person
hostile attributional bias
in Dodge’s theory, the tendency to assume that other people’s ambiguous actions stem from hostile intent
achievement motivation
refers to whether children are motivated by mastery or by others’ views of their success
entity/helpless orientation
a tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure
incremental/mastery orientation
a general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure
entity theory
a theory that a person’s level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable
incremental theory
a theory that a person’s intelligence can grow as a function of experience
ethology
the study of the evolutionary bases of behavior
imprinting
a form of learning in which the newborns of some species become attached to and follow adult members of the species
parental-investment theory
a theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior that benefit their offspring
