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PSYC 250 > chapter 3: biology and behavior > Flashcards

chapter 3: biology and behavior Flashcards

1
Q

genome

A

the complete set of DNA of any organism, including all of its genes

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2
Q

genotype

A

the genetic material an individual inherits

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3
Q

phenotype

A

the observable expression of the genotype, including both body characteristics and behavior

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4
Q

environment

A

every aspect of individuals and their surroundings other than genes

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5
Q

chromosomes

A

molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information; chromosomes are made up of DNA

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6
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

molecules that carry all the biochemical instructions involved in the formation and functioning of an organism

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7
Q

genes

A

sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things

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8
Q

crossing over

A

the process by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to the other; crossing over promotes variability among individuals

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9
Q

mutation

A

a change in a section of DNA

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10
Q

sex chromosomes

A

the chromosomes (X and Y) that determine an individual’s designated sex at birth

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11
Q

endophenotypes

A

intermediate phenotypes, including the brain and nervous systems, that do not involve overt behavior

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12
Q

regulator genes

A

genes that control the activity of other genes

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13
Q

alleles

A

two or more different forms of a gene

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14
Q

dominant allele

A

the allele that, if present, gets expressed

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15
Q

recessive allele

A

the allele that is not expressed if a dominant allele is present

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16
Q

homozygous

A

having two of the same allele for a trait

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17
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a trait

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18
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

inheritance pattern in which traits are governed by more than one gene

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19
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

a disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine

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20
Q

carrier genetic testing

A

genetic testing used to determine whether prospective parents are carriers of specific disorders

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21
Q

prenatal testing

A

genetic testing used to assess the fetus’ risk for genetic disorders

22
Q

newborn screening

A

tests used to screen newborn infants for a range of genetic and non-genetic disorders

23
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment

24
Q

behavior genetics

A

the science concerned with how variation in behavior and development results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors

25
Q

heritable

A

refers to characteristics or traits that are genetically transmitted

26
Q

heritability

A

a statistical estimate of the proportion of the measured variance on a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals

27
Q

neurons

A

cells that are specialized for sending and receiving messages between the brain and all parts of the body, as well as within the brain itself

28
Q

cell body

A

a component of the neuron that contains the basic biological material that keeps the neuron functioning

29
Q

dendrites

A

neural fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body in the form of electrical impulses

30
Q

axons

A

neural fibers that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body to connections with other neurons

31
Q

synapses

A

microscopic junctions between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendritic branches or cell body of another

32
Q

glial cells

A

cells in the brain that provide a variety of critical supportive functions

33
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty sheath that forms around certain axons in the body and increases the speed and efficiency of information transmission

34
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the “gray matter” of the brain, consisting of four distinct lobes

35
Q

occipital lobe

A

major area of the cortex that is primarily involved in processing visual information

36
Q

temporal lobe

A

major area of the cortex that is associated with speech and language, music, and emotional information

37
Q

parietal lobe

A

major area of the cortex that is associated with spatial processing and sensory information integration

38
Q

frontal lobe

A

major area of the cortex that is associated with working memory and cognitive control

39
Q

association areas

A

parts of the brain that lie between the major sensory and motor areas and that process and integrate input from those areas

40
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

the two halves of the cortex

41
Q

corpus callosum

A

a dense tract of nerve fibers that enable the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate

42
Q

cerebral lateralization

A

the specialization of the hemispheres of the brain for different modes of processing

43
Q

neurogenesis

A

the proliferation of neurons through cell division

44
Q

arborization

A

formation of new dendritic trees and branches

45
Q

spines

A

formations on the dendrites of neurons that increase the dendrites’ capacity to form connections with other neurons

46
Q

myelination

A

the formation of myelin (a fatty sheath) around the axons of neurons that speeds and increases information-processing abilities

47
Q

synaptogenesis

A

the process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections

48
Q

synaptic pruning

A

the normal developmental process through which synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated

49
Q

plasticity

A

the capacity of the brain to be affected by experience

50
Q

experience-expectant plasticity

A

the process through which the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of species-typical experiences

51
Q

experience-dependent plasticity

A

the process through which neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual’s experiences

52
Q

secular trends

A

marked changes in physical development that have occurred over generations

PSYC 250 (14 decks)

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