chapter 8: intelligence and academic achievement Flashcards
g (general intelligence)
cognitive processes that influence the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks
fluid intelligence
ability to think on the spot to solve novel problems
crystallized intelligence
factual knowledge about the world
primary mental abilities
seven abilities proposed by Thurstone as crucial to intelligence
three-stratum theory of intelligence
Carroll’s model that places g at the top of the intelligence hierarchy, eight moderately general abilities in the middle, and many specific processes at the bottom
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
widely used test designed to measure the intelligence of children 6 years and older
IQ (intelligence quotient)
a quantitative measure of a child’s intelligence relative to that of other children of the same age
normal distribution
pattern of data in which scores fall symmetrically around a mean value, with most scores falling close to the mean and fewer and fewer scores farther from it
standard deviation (SD)
measure of the variability of scores in a distribution; in a normal distribution, 68% of scores fall within 1 SD of the mean, and 95% of scores fall within 2 SDs of the mean
self-discipline
ability to inhibit actions, follow rules, and avoid impulsive reactions
Flynn effect
consistent rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the past 80 years in many countries
Carolina Abecedarian Project
comprehensive and successful enrichment program for children from low-income families
multiple intelligences theory
Gardner’s theory of intellect, based on the view that people possess at least eight types of intelligence
theory of successful intelligence
Sternberg’s theory of intellect, based on the view that intelligence is the ability to achieve success in life
phonemic awareness
ability to identify component sounds within words
phonological recoding skills
ability to translate letters into sounds and to blend sounds into words; informally called sounding out
visually based retrieval
proceeding directly from the visual form of a word to its meaning
strategy-choice process
procedure for selecting among alternative ways to solve a problem
dyslexia
inability to read and spell well despite having normal intelligence
simple view of reading
perspective that comprehension depends solely on decoding skill and comprehension of oral language
situation model
cognitive processes used to represent a situation or sequence of events
comprehension monitoring
process of keeping track of one’s understanding of a verbal description or text
script
typical sequence of actions used to organize and interpret repeated events, such as eating at restaurants, going to doctors’ appointments, and writing reports
numerical magnitude representations
mental models of the sizes of numbers, ordered along a less-to-more dimension
mathematical equality
concept that the values on each side of the equal sign must be equivalent
gesture-speech mismatches
phenomenon in which hand movements and verbal statements convey different ideas
