chapter 8: intelligence and academic achievement

Question 1

g (general intelligence)

Answer 1

cognitive processes that influence the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks

Question 2

fluid intelligence

Answer 2

ability to think on the spot to solve novel problems

Question 3

crystallized intelligence

Answer 3

factual knowledge about the world

Question 4

primary mental abilities

Answer 4

seven abilities proposed by Thurstone as crucial to intelligence

Question 5

three-stratum theory of intelligence

Answer 5

Carroll’s model that places g at the top of the intelligence hierarchy, eight moderately general abilities in the middle, and many specific processes at the bottom

Question 6

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

Answer 6

widely used test designed to measure the intelligence of children 6 years and older

Question 7

IQ (intelligence quotient)

Answer 7

a quantitative measure of a child’s intelligence relative to that of other children of the same age

Question 8

normal distribution

Answer 8

pattern of data in which scores fall symmetrically around a mean value, with most scores falling close to the mean and fewer and fewer scores farther from it

Question 9

standard deviation (SD)

Answer 9

measure of the variability of scores in a distribution; in a normal distribution, 68% of scores fall within 1 SD of the mean, and 95% of scores fall within 2 SDs of the mean

Question 10

self-discipline

Answer 10

ability to inhibit actions, follow rules, and avoid impulsive reactions

Question 11

Flynn effect

Answer 11

consistent rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the past 80 years in many countries

Question 12

Carolina Abecedarian Project

Answer 12

comprehensive and successful enrichment program for children from low-income families

Question 13

multiple intelligences theory

Answer 13

Gardner’s theory of intellect, based on the view that people possess at least eight types of intelligence

Question 14

theory of successful intelligence

Answer 14

Sternberg’s theory of intellect, based on the view that intelligence is the ability to achieve success in life

Question 15

phonemic awareness

Answer 15

ability to identify component sounds within words

Question 16

phonological recoding skills

Answer 16

ability to translate letters into sounds and to blend sounds into words; informally called sounding out

Question 17

visually based retrieval

Answer 17

proceeding directly from the visual form of a word to its meaning

Question 18

strategy-choice process

Answer 18

procedure for selecting among alternative ways to solve a problem

Question 19

dyslexia

Answer 19

inability to read and spell well despite having normal intelligence

Question 20

simple view of reading

Answer 20

perspective that comprehension depends solely on decoding skill and comprehension of oral language

Question 21

situation model

Answer 21

cognitive processes used to represent a situation or sequence of events

Question 22

comprehension monitoring

Answer 22

process of keeping track of one’s understanding of a verbal description or text

Question 23

script

Answer 23

typical sequence of actions used to organize and interpret repeated events, such as eating at restaurants, going to doctors’ appointments, and writing reports

Question 24

numerical magnitude representations

Answer 24

mental models of the sizes of numbers, ordered along a less-to-more dimension

Question 25

mathematical equality

Answer 25

concept that the values on each side of the equal sign must be equivalent

Question 26

gesture-speech mismatches

Answer 26

phenomenon in which hand movements and verbal statements convey different ideas