chapter 15: gender development Flashcards

1
Q

sex

A

distinction between genetic females (XX) and genetic males (XY) as well as other genetic sex compositions (e.g., XO, XXY, XYY)

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2
Q

gender

A

social assignment or self-categorization as “a girl” or “a boy” (or possibly both, neither, or a different category)

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3
Q

cisgender

A

individuals who identify with their gender assigned at birth (or their biological sex)

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4
Q

transgender

A

individuals who do not identify with the gender assigned at birth (which is typically based on their external genitalia)

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5
Q

bigender

A

individuals who identify with two genders

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6
Q

agender

A

individuals who do not identify with any gender category

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7
Q

nonbinary

A

individuals who do not identify exclusively as one gender; also referred to as genderqueer

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8
Q

gender-fluid

A

individuals who self-identify with different gender categories depending on the context

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9
Q

gender typing

A

the process of gender socialization

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10
Q

gender-typed

A

behaviors stereotyped or expected for a given person’s assigned gender

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11
Q

cross-gender-typed

A

behaviors stereotyped or expected for the gender other than that of a given person

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12
Q

gender nonconforming

A

individuals who are highly cross-gender-typed in relation to their assigned gender

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13
Q

effect size

A

magnitude of difference between two group’s averages and the amount of overlap in their distributions

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14
Q

meta-analysis

A

statistical method used to summarize average effect size and statistical significance across several research studies

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15
Q

androgens

A

class of steroid hormones that normally occur at slightly higher levels in males than in females and that affect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onwards

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16
Q

organizing influences

A

potential result of certain sex-linked hormones affecting brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty

17
Q

activating influences

A

potential result of certain fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels affecting the contemporaneous activation of the nervous system and corresponding behavioral responses

18
Q

self-socialization

A

active process during development whereby children’s cognitions lead them to perceive the world and to act in accord with their expectations and beliefs

19
Q

gender identity

A

self-identifying as a boy or a girl (or possibly as both or possibly neither)

20
Q

gender stability

A

awareness that gender remains the same over time

21
Q

gender constancy

A

realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person’s appearance or behavior

22
Q

gender schemas

A

organized mental representations (concepts, beliefs, memories) about gender, including gender stereotypes

23
Q

gender schema filter

A

initial evaluation of information as relevant to one’s own gender

24
Q

interest filter

A

initial evaluation of information as being personally interesting

25
Q

tuition

A

learning through direct teaching

26
Q

enactive experience

A

learning to take into account the reactions one’s past behavior has evoked in others

27
Q

observational learning

A

learning through watching other people and the consequences others experience as a result of their actions

28
Q

ingroup bias

A

tendency to evaluate individuals and characteristics of the ingroup more positively than or as superior to those of the outgroup

29
Q

ingroup assimilation

A

process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the group’s norms, demonstrating the characteristics that define the ingroup

30
Q

intersectionality

A

the interconnection of social identities such as gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class, especially in relation to overlapping experiences of discrimination and disadvantage

31
Q

opportunity structure

A

the economic and social resources offered by the macrosystem in the bioecological model, and people’s understanding of those resources

32
Q

gender segregation

A

children’s tendency to associate with same-gender peers and to avoid other-gender peers

33
Q

assertion

A

tendency to take action on behalf of the self through competitive, independent, or aggressive behaviors

34
Q

affiliation

A

tendency to affirm connection with others through being emotionally open, empathetic, or supportive

35
Q

collaboration

A

coordination of assertion and affiliation in behavior, such as making initiatives for joint activity

36
Q

gender-role intensification

A

heightened concerns with adhering to traditional gender roles that may occur during adolescence

37
Q

ambivalent sexism

A

model of sexism that includes two components, hostile sexism (endorsement of men’s dominance with negative views of women seeking equality) and benevolent sexism (the belief that men need to protect women, and that women and men have complementary traits)

38
Q

gender-role flexibility

A

recognition of gender roles as social conventions and adoption of more flexible attitudes and interests