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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 9: The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 9: The Muscular System Flashcards

0
Q

Contractility

A

the ability of muscle to shorten forcefully

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1
Q

What are the functions of the Muscular System? (7)

A
  • movement of the body
  • maintenance of posture
  • respiration
  • production of body heat
  • communication
  • constriction of organs and vessels
  • contraction of the heart
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2
Q

Excitability

A

the capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus

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3
Q

Extensibility

A

muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting length and still be able to contract

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4
Q

Elasticity

A

is the ability of muscle to recoil to its original resting length after being stretched

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5
Q

Fasciculi

A

numerous visible bundles that a muscle is composed of

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6
Q

perimyseum

A

heavy connective tissue surrounding the fasciculi of muscle

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7
Q

epimysium

A

connective tissue that surround the entire muscle composed of dense collagenous connective tissue

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8
Q

Muscular Fascia

A

connective tissue sheets within the body located superficial to the epimysium, separates and compartmentalizes individual muscles of group of muscles

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9
Q

Motor neurons

A

specialized nerve cells that stimulate muscles to contract

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10
Q

myoblasts

A

less mature, multi-nucleated cells that develop muscle fibers

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11
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of muscles after body grows, number of muscle fibers stays relatively the same

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12
Q

Sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

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13
Q

endomysium

A

loose connective tissue with reticular fibers that surrounds muscle fibers

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14
Q

T tubules

A

along the surface of the sarcolemma, extending to the extracellular environment with the interior of the muscle fiber

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15
Q

myofibril

A

consists of actin and myosin, extend to the end of the muscle fiber

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16
Q

Sarcomeres

A

basic ordered units of skeletal muscle that contain myofibrils

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17
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

point where neurons are sent in the muscle

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18
Q

titin

A

coil spring on end of myosin allows sarcomere to stretch

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19
Q

What is globular actin?

A

one actin molecle

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19
Q

What is F actin?

A

twisted pair of globular actin

20
Q

What is the job of tropomyoisin

A

to reveal or conceal the active binding sites

21
Q

what does myosin do?

A

binds to active sites

22
Q

what does troponin do?

A

binds to calcium, tropomyosin, and G actin in order to expose actin

23
Q

What is a cross-bridge?

A

when myosin head binds to active site

24
Q

I bands

A

light bands

25
Q

A bands

A

Dark bands

26
Q

H zone

A

region inside A band that appears to be lighter because actin and myosin do not overlap

27
Q

M line

A

middle of H zone holding myosin in place

28
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?

A

supplies calcium

29
Q

how does the sarcoplasmic reticulum supply calcium

A

through ion channels and voltage-gated channels

30
Q

antiport, synport

A

sends two things in two different direction, sends two things in the same direction

31
Q

charges of cell at resting potential

A
  • inside (K+ and proteins-), + outside (Na+)
32
Q

How does the sodium/potassium pump work?

A

pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in

33
Q

Ligand-gated ion channel

A

molecules bind to receptor

34
Q

Voltage gated ion channel

A

open and close in response to short voltage changes across plasma membrane

35
Q

Bi-gated channel

A

lids on both ends

36
Q

visceral or unitary smooth muscle

A

occurs in sheets, has numerous gap junctions found in digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts

37
Q

multiunit smooth muscle

A

occurs as sheets, walls of blood vessels, fewer gap junctions, cells or groups of cells act as independent units, only contracts when stimulated by nerves of hormones. ex: arrector pili, iris of the eye

38
Q

origin

A

fixed end of muscle attached to bones

39
Q

insertion

A

muscle end attached to bone with greatest movement

40
Q

belly

A

largest portion of the muscle between origin and insertion

41
Q

aponeuroisis

A

a very large tendon

42
Q

agnonist

A

muscle that when it contracts causes an action

43
Q

antagonist

A

a muscle working in opposition to agonist (when you move a bowling ball back to prepare to bowl, biceps)

44
Q

synergists

A

muscles that work together to cause movement

45
Q

prime mover

A

plays the major role in synergistics

46
Q

fixator

A

stabilizing joints in synergistics

47
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

specialized synapse between motor neuron and muscle fiber

48
Q

neurotransmitter

A

substance released by presynaptic membrane that stimulates or inhibits the production of action potential in the postsynaptic membrane

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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