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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 4: Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Histology Flashcards

0
Q

What is epithelial tissue? (6)

A
  • Mostly composed of cells
  • Covers body surfaces
  • Distinct cell surfaces
  • Cell and matrix connections
  • Nonvascular
  • Capable of regeneration
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1
Q

What is the matrix?

A

the noncellular substances surrounding the cell consisting of a ground substance and proteins

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2
Q

What are the functions of Epithelial Tissue? (5)

A
  • protecting underlying structures
  • acting as a barrier
  • permitting the passage of substances
  • secreting substances
  • absorbing substances
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3
Q

What is a free/ apical surface?

A

cell surface that is not attached to other cells

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4
Q

What is a basal surface?

A

cell surface that is attached to the basement membrane

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5
Q

What is a basement membrane?

A

specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells. (think of it like tape)

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6
Q

What does simple mean in terms of cells?

A

single layer of cells

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7
Q

What does stratified mean in terms of cells?

A

Multiple layers

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8
Q

What does pseudo stratified mean in terms of cells?

A

Looks as if there are multiple layers but in actuality there is only one layer as each cell directly hits the basement layer

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9
Q

What does squamous mean?

A

flat

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10
Q

What does cuboidal mean?

A

cube shaped

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11
Q

What does columnar mean?

A

Rectangular shaped

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12
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Reinforces the binding between cells. often in places that are subjected to stress.

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13
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

hold cells together, and form permeability barrier
Types:
-zonula adherans: weak glue between cells
-zonula occludens: permeability barrier, found in stomach, bladder, so chemicals cannot pass through

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14
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

protein channels that aid in intercellular communication, coordinates functions of cardiac and smooth muscle

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15
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

open contact maintained with exterior; ducts

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16
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

No open contact with exterior, no ducts, produce hormones, release through blood

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17
Q

What are multicellular glands?

A

simple and compound ducts

  • ducts end in tubules or sac-like structures: acini
  • ducts end in simple sacs: alveoli
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18
Q

What is an example unicellular gland?

A

goblet cells

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19
Q

What is a merocrine gland?

A

cells of the gland produce secretions by active transport, use exocytosis

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20
Q

What is an apocrine gland?

A

portion of the cell is pinched off containing secretory products

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21
Q

What is a holocrine gland?

A

Entire cells are shed off containing secretions and are replaced by other cells deeper in the gland by mitosis

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22
Q

Blasts vs. Cytes vs. Clasts

A

Blast: build matrix
Cytes: maintain matrix
Clasts: break down matrix

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23
Q

What are mast cells?

A

contain inflammatory chemicals which release in sites of injury

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24
Q

What are mesenchymal cells?

A

connective tissue stem cells

25
Q

What are collagen fibers?

A

strong, flexible microscopic ropes. found in tendons, ligaments, and bones

26
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

very fine collagen fibers, the branch out (like strings of the collagen rope)

27
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

Has a spring like appearance/function. stretches in respond to force and recoils when relaxed. not as strong as cartilage but, more flexible

28
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

has a glassy like appearance, good lubricant in joints, found in synovial fluid, vitreous eye fluid, and connective tissue, reduces friction

29
Q

What is proteoglycan?

A

attaches to hyaluronic acid, to trap water like sponges

30
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

polysaccharide components of proteoglycan

31
Q

What is chondroitin sulfate?

A

a type of proteoglycan

32
Q

What are adhesive molecules?

A

Hold proteoglycan aggregates together (-nectin)

33
Q

What is a mesenchyme?

A

Source of all adult connective tissue

34
Q

What is mucus connective tissue?

A

found only in the umbilical cord. wharton’s jelly

35
Q

What is connective tissue proper?

A

Loose: areolar, reticular, adipose
Dense: dense regular collagenous, dense regular elastic, dense irregular collagenous, dense irregular elastic

36
Q

What are the supporting connective tissues?

A

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, bone

37
Q

What is the fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood, bone marrow

38
Q

What is areolar connective tissue?

A

has loose packing material called stroma,
attaches skin to underlying tissues,
contains collagen, reticular, elastic fibers,
cells include fibroblasts, mast, lymphocytes, adipose, macrophages

39
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

fat tissue

40
Q

What is reticular tissue?

A
  • forms structure of lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues
  • fine reticular fibers
  • spaces between cell contain white cells and dendrite cells
41
Q

What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?

A

Tendons connect muscle to bones, ligaments connect bones to bones

42
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage, fibroblasts in this structure can differentiate into chondroblasts

43
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

cartilage cells

44
Q

What are lacunae?

A

spaces in which chondrocytes are located, surrounded by matrix, without this cells would die.

45
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

large amount of collagen fibers, evenly distributed in proteoglycan matrix. found in areas for strong support and a little flexibility (ribs, trachea, bronchi, on ends of bones (epiphysis)

46
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

thick collagen fibers distributed in the proteoglycan matrix, slightly compressible and very tough, found in pressure areas, as shock absorber (knee, jaw, vertebrae disks)

47
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

elastic and collagen fibers embedded in proteoglycans, rigid but elastic. found in external ears, and epiglottis

48
Q

What is trabeculae?

A

beam in bone anchoring strands of spongy bone

49
Q

What is lamellae

A

layers of compact bone

50
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

voluntary, striated, multi-nuclei

51
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

involuntary, striated, branched, single nuclei

52
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

involuntary, no striations, single nucleus

53
Q

What are intercalated disks?

A

Faint lines located between cells, containing gap junctions, found in cardiac tissue

54
Q

Multipolar vs bipolar vs unipolar?

A
  • several dendrites one axon
  • one dendrite one axon
  • axon and dendrite are one unit
55
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

rich in hyaluronic acid, reducing friction to allow movement. found in joints

56
Q

What is a labile cell?

A

one that goes through cycling mitosis

57
Q

What is a stable cell?

A

one that has no mitosis after growth ends, but can divide incase of injury (liver, pancreas, endocrine cells)

58
Q

What is a permanent cell?

A

if killed will be replaced by a different type of cell, very limited regenerative ability (nervous, skeletal, and cardiac muscle)

59
Q

What is a primary union?

A

edges of wound are close together, allows for easier healing

60
Q

What is a secondary union?

A

edges of wound are not close, greater chance of scarring and infection

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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