Chapter 14: Nervous System Integration

Question 1

Steps to Sensation (6)

Answer 1

stimuli originates
sense is detected
converted to action potential
sent to the CNS
nerve sends action potential to cerebral cortex
action potential is translated so the person is aware of stimulus

Question 2

General Senses

Answer 2

have receptors distributed over a large part of the body

Divided into Somatic (info about body and environment) and visceral (info about internal organs)

Question 3

Special Senses

Answer 3

smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance….uses secondary receptors

Question 4

5 Types of sensory receptors and 3 types of location receptors

Answer 4

mechanoreceptor: compression, bending, or stretching of cells
chemoreceptors: smell, taste, odorants are ligands
thermoreceptors: temperature
photoreceptors: light
nociceptors: pain
exteroreceptors: detect external environment
visceroreceptors: organs
proprioceptors: joint, tendons, connective tissue

Question 5

Free Nerve Ending

Answer 5

temperature, pain, itch, movement

Question 6

Merkel Disks

Answer 6

associated with basal surface

handle light touch and superficial pressure

Question 7

Hair follicle receptors

Answer 7

wrapped around hair follicle

Question 8

pacinian corpuscles

Answer 8

layered
deep dermis, hypodermis
vibration
proprioceptor in joints

Question 9

meissner (tactile) corpuscle

Answer 9

used to determine textures

two point discrimination

Question 10

ruffini end organ

Answer 10

in fingers, depression, stretch of skin

Question 11

muscle spindle

Answer 11

stretch reflex, proprioceprion, muscle

Question 12

golgi tendon organ

Answer 12

proprioception associated with tendon

Question 13

generator potential or receptor

Answer 13

primary receptor: neuron

secondary receptor: specialized cell receives signal (smell, taste, hearing, balance, vision)

Question 14

sensory receptor generates _______

Answer 14

graded potential or receptor potential (same thing)

Question 15

accommodation (adaptation)

Answer 15

decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus

Question 16

slowly adapting (tonic) receptor example

Answer 16

know where your little finger is without looking

Question 17

rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors example

Answer 17

know where your hand is as it moves

Question 18

Three neuron system, Anterolatero System

Answer 18

spinothalamic tract

Question 19

Spinocerebellar system

Answer 19

comparing the actual results to the expected results
carries proprioceptive info to cerebellum, most of which is unconscious
helps to make u move fluidly

Question 20

Sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

Answer 20

primary somatic sensory cortex, taste area, olfactory cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary auditory cortex, visual cortex

Question 21

association areas of the cerebral cortex: process of recognition

Answer 21

somatic sensory, visual association

Question 22

Perception

Answer 22

conious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors

Question 23

upper motor neurons

Answer 23

directly or through interneurons connect to lower

Question 24

lower motor neurons

Answer 24

axons leave the CNS, extend through PNS to skeletal muscles. Cell bodies in anterior horns of spinal cord and in cranial nerve nuclei of brainstem

Question 25

corticospinal tract

Answer 25

direct control of movements below the head

Question 26

functions of basal nuclei

Answer 26

planning, organization, coordinating movements and posture

Question 27

feedback loops of basal nuclei, thalamus, and cerebral cortex

Answer 27

stimulatory and inhibitory

Question 28

Reticular activating system (RAS)

Answer 28

controls sleep wake cycle

Question 29

Wernicke’s area

Answer 29

sensory speech (understanding what is heard and thinking of what one will say, informs Broca’s area

Question 30

Broca’s area

Answer 30

motor speech, sending messages to muscles to make sounds

Question 31

Aphasia

Answer 31

absent or defective speech or language comprehension. caused by lesion somewhere in the auditory/speech pathway

Question 32

left hemisphere

Answer 32

math and speech

Question 33

right hemisphere

Answer 33

spatial perception, recognition of faces, musical ability

Question 34

alpha, beta, theta, delta

Answer 34

alpha: awake but in resting state with eyes closed
beta: intense mental activity
theta: children, adults with frustration, brain disorders
delta: infants, patients with severe brain disorders, people in deep sleep

Question 35

sensory memory

Answer 35

short term retention of sensory input

Question 36

short term memory

Answer 36

information retained for few seconds to minutes

Question 37

long term memory

Answer 37

declarative or explicit (accessed by hippocampus; actual memory and amygdaloid nucleus; emotional)

Question 38

procedural memory

Answer 38

development of skills

Question 39

memory engram

Answer 39

memory trace, series of neurons and their pattern of activity