Chapter 14: Nervous System Integration Flashcards
Steps to Sensation (6)
stimuli originates
sense is detected
converted to action potential
sent to the CNS
nerve sends action potential to cerebral cortex
action potential is translated so the person is aware of stimulus
General Senses
have receptors distributed over a large part of the body
Divided into Somatic (info about body and environment) and visceral (info about internal organs)
Special Senses
smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance….uses secondary receptors
5 Types of sensory receptors and 3 types of location receptors
mechanoreceptor: compression, bending, or stretching of cells
chemoreceptors: smell, taste, odorants are ligands
thermoreceptors: temperature
photoreceptors: light
nociceptors: pain
exteroreceptors: detect external environment
visceroreceptors: organs
proprioceptors: joint, tendons, connective tissue
Free Nerve Ending
temperature, pain, itch, movement
Merkel Disks
associated with basal surface
handle light touch and superficial pressure
Hair follicle receptors
wrapped around hair follicle
pacinian corpuscles
layered
deep dermis, hypodermis
vibration
proprioceptor in joints
meissner (tactile) corpuscle
used to determine textures
two point discrimination
ruffini end organ
in fingers, depression, stretch of skin
muscle spindle
stretch reflex, proprioceprion, muscle
golgi tendon organ
proprioception associated with tendon
generator potential or receptor
primary receptor: neuron
secondary receptor: specialized cell receives signal (smell, taste, hearing, balance, vision)
sensory receptor generates _______
graded potential or receptor potential (same thing)
accommodation (adaptation)
decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus
slowly adapting (tonic) receptor example
know where your little finger is without looking
rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors example
know where your hand is as it moves
Three neuron system, Anterolatero System
spinothalamic tract
Spinocerebellar system
comparing the actual results to the expected results
carries proprioceptive info to cerebellum, most of which is unconscious
helps to make u move fluidly
Sensory areas of the cerebral cortex
primary somatic sensory cortex, taste area, olfactory cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary auditory cortex, visual cortex
association areas of the cerebral cortex: process of recognition
somatic sensory, visual association
Perception
conious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors
upper motor neurons
directly or through interneurons connect to lower
lower motor neurons
axons leave the CNS, extend through PNS to skeletal muscles. Cell bodies in anterior horns of spinal cord and in cranial nerve nuclei of brainstem
corticospinal tract
direct control of movements below the head
functions of basal nuclei
planning, organization, coordinating movements and posture
feedback loops of basal nuclei, thalamus, and cerebral cortex
stimulatory and inhibitory
Reticular activating system (RAS)
controls sleep wake cycle
Wernicke’s area
sensory speech (understanding what is heard and thinking of what one will say, informs Broca’s area
Broca’s area
motor speech, sending messages to muscles to make sounds
Aphasia
absent or defective speech or language comprehension. caused by lesion somewhere in the auditory/speech pathway
left hemisphere
math and speech
right hemisphere
spatial perception, recognition of faces, musical ability
alpha, beta, theta, delta
alpha: awake but in resting state with eyes closed
beta: intense mental activity
theta: children, adults with frustration, brain disorders
delta: infants, patients with severe brain disorders, people in deep sleep
sensory memory
short term retention of sensory input
short term memory
information retained for few seconds to minutes
long term memory
declarative or explicit (accessed by hippocampus; actual memory and amygdaloid nucleus; emotional)
procedural memory
development of skills
memory engram
memory trace, series of neurons and their pattern of activity
