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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

0
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

Most cells are these. Produce keratin for strength

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1
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system? (6)

A
  • protection
  • sensation
  • temperature regulation
  • vitamin D production
  • excretion
  • immunity
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2
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

these cells contribute to skin color. melanin produced by these cells are transferred to keratinocytes. same number of these cells in all people

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3
Q

What are langerhans’ cells?

A

cells of the immune system

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4
Q

What are Merkel’s cells?

A

Detect light, touch, and superficial pressure

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5
Q

What is the process of keratinization?

A

as cells move outward throughout the layers they fill with keratin, die, and serve as a layer that resists abrasion and forms permeability layer

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6
Q

What are the Layers of the skin? (deepest-superficial)

A

(Christopher Likes Good Sausage Biscuits)

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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7
Q

What is the Stratum Basale?

A

deepest portion of epidermis and single layer high mitotic activity and cells become keratinized

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8
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

limited cell division. desmosomes. lamellar bodies and additional keratin fibers

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9
Q

What is the stratum granulosum?

A

contains keratohyalin. in superficial layers nucleus and other organelles degenerate and cells die

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10
Q

What is the stratum lucidum?

A

thin, clear zone. Found in palms soles

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11
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

most superficial and consists of cornified cells

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12
Q

What is the papillary layer?

A

papillae project toward the epidermis; loose connective tissue. brings blood vessels close to the epidermis, dermal papillae form fingerprints and footprints

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13
Q

What is the reticular layer?

A

mat of collagen and elastic fibers, dense irregular connective tissues. is the main fibrous layer of the dermis, strong in many directions, forms cleavage lines

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14
Q

What is Thick Skin?

A
  • has all 5 epithelial strata
  • found in areas subject to pressure of friction (palms and soles)
  • finger prints and footprints. papillae of underlying dermis in parallel rows
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15
Q

What is thin skin?

A
  • more flexible than thick skin
  • covers most of the body
  • hair grows
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16
Q

What is a callus?

A

increases the number of layers in the stratum corneum. when this occurs over a bony prominence a corn forms

17
Q

What are the skin color factors (3)?

A
  • blood circulating through the skin (hemoglobin)
  • thickness of stratum corneum (makes skin whiter/yellower)
  • pigments (melanin and carotene)
18
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

blue color caused by decrease in blood oxygen content

19
Q

What are cleavage (tension) lines?

A

elastic and collagen fibers oriented in some directions more than others
This is important in surgery, for fast healing, and less scarring

20
Q

What are striae?

A

stretch marks

21
Q

What are the types of cells in subcutaneous tissue (3)?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • adipose cells
  • macrophages
22
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue? (3)

A

energy source
insulation
padding

23
Q

What are the three layers of hair?

A

Medulla: central axis
Cortex: forms bulk of hair
cuticle: forms hair surface

24
Q

What is the dermal root sheath?

A

part of the dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath

25
Q

What is the epithelial root sheath? Internal and external?

A

internal parts: contains stratum basal that may remain after injury and supply a source of a new epidermis
external parts: when hairs are pulled out, internal part comes out and is visible as white bulb

26
Q

What is the hair bulb?

A

internal matrix of the hair, dermis projects into bulb and is blood supply

27
Q

How does the growth of hair work?

A
  • cells added at base and hair elongates, average hair growth is 0.3 mm/day
  • follicle shortens and holds hair in place, the hair falls out of follicle, new hair begins.
28
Q

What are arrector pili?

A

type of smooth muscle causing hair to stand up, skin is pushed up by movement of hair follicle

29
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

sebaceous glands secrete oil that prevents drying and may inhibit bacteria, empty into hair follicle, they are holocrine glands (by death of secretory cells)

30
Q

What are sweat glands?

A
  • merocrine and eccrine are most common: produce isotonic fluid, as fluid moves through ducts, NaCl is moved by active transport back into the body, final product is hypertonic (sweat)
  • apocrine: active at puberty, found in amrpits, genitalia, and anus
31
Q

What are ceruminous glands?

A

modified merocrine sweat glands, external auditory meatus
in otherwords, earwax
prevents dirt and insects from entry, and keeps eardrum supple

32
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

modified apocrine sweat glands.

33
Q

What is another word for the nail body?

A

stratum corneum

34
Q

What is another word for the cuticle?

A

eponychium

35
Q

What is the hyponychium?

A

the corneum beneath the free edge (nail that extends out)

36
Q

What are the matrix and nail bed?

A

cells that give rise to the nail

37
Q

What is the nail root?

A

inferior to the cuticle, where the nail cells divide

38
Q

What are the physiology of the integumentary system? (5)

A
  • protection
  • sensation
  • temperature regulation
  • vitamin D production
  • excretion
39
Q

What are the three types of skin grafts?

A
  • split skin
  • artificial skin
  • cadavers or pigs
40
Q

What are the rule of nines?

A
  • used to estimate amount of body that is burned

- different proportions in adult and child

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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